The wonder that was india

Naw Ruz, the festival which falls on the day the sun enters Aries, xxxiii, 133

Nayaka Brahmans, 84

Nayanars, Tamil teachers, 483

nazim-i suba, Mughal governor, 192

Nazuk Shah, 64

Necessary Being, 232, 235

needlework, 211

Neoplatonism, 232

Nepal, 251

New Delhi, xx, 300

New York, xx nick, low, 366

nikah, permanent marriage that could be divorced, 200

nikahana, fee on marriage, 188

Nikitin, Athanasius, a Russian traveller, xxviii, 78

Nima, 361

Nimar, 66

Ni'mat-nama, cookery book, 298, 299

Nimbarka (c. 1130-1200) The Telugu brahman, 357

Niranjana, the Imperceptible, 256

nirankar, eternally unchanging formless one, 365

Nirguna, unqualified approach to duty, 357-68

nirguna Brahma, Supreme Being, 363

nirkh, market rates, in 'Alu'u'd-Din Khalji's reign, 38, 39, 189

Niru, 361

Nirun, in Sind, 9

niyibat, deputyship, 159

Niyazi Afghans, 102

Niyazi, Shaykh 'Abdu'llah, 261

Nizam Khan, see Sultan Sikandar Lodi Nizam Shahi, kingdom of Ahmadnagar, 80, 112, 123

Nizam Thaneswart, Shaykh, banished by Jahangir to Mecca, 116, 246; 269, 275

Nizami, Hasan, 19

Nizami, K. A., 23

Nizamu'd-Din, son-in-law of Fakhru'd-Din kotwal, 33, 34

Nizamu'd-Din II, Bahmanid sultan, 78

Nizamu'd-Din Ahmad Bakhshi, an historian of Akbar's reign, 204

Nizamu'd-Din Awliya' Shaykh (d. 1325), 44, 217, 226, 243-7, 256

Nizamu'd-Din, Mulla (d. 1748) the founder of the Dars-i Nizami, 218

Nizamu'l-Mulk Asaf Jah, the founder of the Asaf Jahi dynasty of the Deccan, 158

Nizamu'l-Mulk Hasan Bahri, 80

Negus, Christian ruler of Ethiopia, 2

nobility of birth, 168

North West Frontier, xxiv, 111, 123

Nuhani, Sultan Muhammad, 97

numerical system, devised by brahmans, 253

Nur Bakhshiyya, 248, 274, 275

Nur Jahan, influence over Jahangir, xxxiii; Jahangir marries, 117; defeats Mahabat Khan, 118, 119, fails to make Shahryar king, 120; builds her father I'timadu'd Dawla's tomb, 293; 172, 201

Nur Qutb-i 'Alam, 57

Nur Turk, the Isma'ili, 272

Niriyya-i Sultaniyya, 161, 264

Nuru'd-Din Mubarak Ghaznavi (d. 1234-5), against philosophers, 233; on prostitution, 253

Nuru'd-Din Rishi (d. 1439), Shaykh, 257

Nuru'l-Haqq, Shaykh, 264

Nuru'llah Shustari, Qazi (d. 1610), 274, 275

Nushirwan, 162

Nursat, the governor of Malwa, 68

Nusrat Khan, 'Ala'u'd-Din Khalji's brother, 37

Nusrat Shah (1519-32), Husayn Shah Sultan of Bengal, 59

Nyaya, one of six systems of Hindu philosophy, 218

octroi levies, 180

Odantapuri, Buddhist University, 21

Oghuz, Turkic people, 16

Ohind, 62

Orcha, 122

Orissa, independent rulers of, 60; 21, 40, 44, 45, 52, 65, 79, 80, 152, 191

Orme, Robert (d. 1801), xxiii

Otto Spies, xxviii Ottoman Sultans, 72, 73, 79, 80, 133, 160

outcastes, 252

Oxford, xxii Oxus river, 18, 22, 91, 108

Pecquet, Jean (1622-74), xxxiv, 235

padas, poems for singing, 368

Padivali, a series of poems, 367

Padmavat, by Malik Muhammad Ja'isi, 40

Padmini, Raja Ratan Singh's queen, 40

pada , six bars in music, 306

padshah. Emperor, defined by Abu'l-Fazl, 161, 167, 168

Pahadh Singh, son of Bir Singh Deva Bundela, 122

pahis, farm hands, 208

Pa'inghat, 125

painting, xxix; Chinese influence, 297; Mughal miniatures, 298-302; European influence, 300, 301

Pak Patan, see Ajodhan

404

Pakhli, 62

Pakistan, 363

Pala, paintings, 299

Palamau, in Bihar, 134, 138

Palestine, 3

Palitana, near Ahmadabad, granted by Murad and Shahjahan for the use of Jain pilgrims, 228; Aurangzib reconfirms the grant of, 229

Pamban island, 41

Panagal (Nalagonda), 77

Panch Mahal, in Fathpur-Sikri, 292, 293

Pandavas, 354

Pandua, 57, 283

Pandyas, of Madurai, 40

Panhala, 140

Panipat, 53, 56, 92, 104, 151, 153, 220

Panjab, xxiv, xxxi, xxxii, 13-25, 30, 48, 53, 89-92, 96, 100, 103-5, 108, 111, 127, 135, 144, 145, 149, 151, 153, 184, 198, 199, 211, 220, 238-40, 263, 264, 268, 277, 301, 363, 364

Panjabi, dialect, 360

panths, Hindu spiritual orders, 358, 364-7

paper, Kashmiri artisans learn the art of making, 63; Delhi and Agra as the centres of, 211

parda, veiling, Hindus, xvii

Parenda, in the Deccan, 127

parganas, subdivisions of sarkars (q.v.) comprised a number of villages for revenue administration, 194, 210; treasury of, 186

Paris, xx, xxvi-xxviii

Parviz, Jahangir's second son, 118

Pashto, xxiv, 34, 136

passes, from Mongols by Muslim businessmen, 220; for maritime trade, under Virji Vohra's control, 227

Patan, 14, 19, 105

Patanjali, 218, 251, 255

Pathri, 81

Patiali, 32

Patna, gold mining at, xxxi; calico from, 225; xxi, 97, 206, 225

patta, lease deeds, 194

payak, infantry, 174

Payne, G. H., xxix Peacock Throne, of Shahjahan, 296

peasants, movement of, 204, 205; sale of produce by, 207; life-style, 207

Pecquet, Jean (1622-74), xxxiv, 235

Pegu, xxx, 222

Peking, 25

Pelsaert, Francisco (1620- 7), observations about Muslims, xxxiii, 180; on escheat, 181; on brokers, 229-30

pepper, export of, 221

Perfect Man, identified with Akbar in Abu'l-Fazl's works, 161

peripatetic philosophy, 233

Persian, Hindus learn, xvii; administrative manuals in, xxi; manuscripts collected by Fraser, xxii; sufi literature in, xxxv; read by zamindars, 210; Mahdawi treatises in, 260

Persian Gulf, xxvi, 173, 206, 220-4

Persian Literature, A Bio-Bibliographical Survey, by C. A. Storey, xxvi Persian wheels, 205

Peshawar, 12, 13, 19, 46, 47, 111, 121, 136, 137, 145, 151, 152, 197, 219

peshwa, the Maratha prime minister, 150

Pharaoh, 361

Pheru, Thakkura, author of a treatise on 'Ala'u'd- Din's mint, xxi Philip II, of Spain, Akbar's embassy to, xxix philsophers, Balban's discrimination against, 240; Barani advocates the annihilation of, 160; Shaykh Nizamu'd-Din Awliya's hostility to, 244

philosophical movements, 4, 231-5

philosophy, teaching of, 217, 218, 233, 234; Danishmand Khan's interest in Hindu and European, 235; Mulla Mahmud Jaunpuri's works, 247

Phul, Shaykh (d. 1539), a leading Shattari sufi, 263

physics, 234, 254

Pichhola, in modern Udaipur, 60

Pidarath, a seventeenth-century painter, 301

pietra dura, 294-6

pigeons, used as couriers, 193

pilgrim tax, on Hindus, remitted by Akbar, 106; remitted by 'Alamgir II, 152

pilgrims, boats to Mecca, affected by war against English, 146

pillars, in the mosques, 278, 279, 282, 283; in Vijayanagara monuments, 288; in one of the chambers of the Diwan-i 'Amm complex of Fathpur-Sikri, 292, 293; of the Diwan-i 'Amm at Agra, 294

Pipa, the bhakta, 366

Pipli, 224

Pir Khan, see Khan-i Jahan Lodi Pir Muhammad, Timur's grandson, 54

pirates, Arakan and Portuguese, 134; in eleventh century, 222

Piru, see Khan-i Jahan Lodi Pishdadian, a dynasty of ancient Iran, 158

pita, father, 365

plague, in Muhammad bin Tughluq's reign, 48

police, 190-1

polygamy, 168, 200, 202

pork, 368

portraits, forbidden by Islam, 215; in Mughal painting, 300, 301

Portugal, xxix, 223

Portuguese, European trading stations, xix; travellers, xxviii, xxix; in Husayn Shahi Bengal, 58; negotiations with Vijayanagara kingdom,

405

88; trade in East Bengal, 122; new crops introduced by, 207; naval domination of, 222, 223; destruction of the supremacy of the, 223; 71, 82, 83, 178, 221

poshala, Jain hostel, 228

postal system, 44, 192, 193, 219

potatoes, introduced by Portuguese, 207

prapatti, the abandonment of self, 358

Pratap, Maharana, Akbar's failure to crush, 107; death, 108; avoids surrender to Jahangir, 116

Prataparudra Deva II, Raja, 41, 44

Prayaga, xxx, 213

presents, a source of Mughal income, 181

price-control, Sultan 'Ala'u'd-Din's, 38, 39, 227

printing, in Arabic, Tamil and Malyalam, 218

printing press, East India Company's failure to establish in Gujarat, 223, 228

Pritam, Lover, 365

Prithu (Britu) of Avadh, 27

Prithviraj Chauhan (Chahamana), 19, 20, 23, 93, 211

Prithvi Singh, Raja of Garhwal, 132

professionals, 189, 197

propylons, 282

prostitution, 253

Provincial administration, 191-3

Psalms, 5

Pulicat, north of Madras, 224, 225

Puna, 127, 138

Punch, 62, 63

Purana, 232, 302, 354

Purana Qal'a, 289

Purandar, 139, 140

puras, suburbs, near Ahmadabad, 213

Puri, desecration of Jagannath temple by Firuz Tughluq, 60

Purnia, 58, 98

Purushottama (1467-97), 60

Qabacha, Nasiru'd-Din, 24, 25, 239

qabuliyat, deed of acceptance, 194

Qadariyya, believers in free will, 231, 237, 265

al-Qadir (991-1031), the 'Abbasid caliph, honours Mahmud of Ghazni, 13

Qadir Shah, see Mallu Khan Qadiriyya silsila (order), 263-8

Qaiyum, eternal, 270

qalamdan, pen case, a musical instrument, 307

Qalandariyya, 249-50, 257

qalandars, wandering dervishes, Babur's pride in, 95; 243, 245

al-Qalaqashandi (d. 1418) xxvii, xxviii

qamargha, hunting expedition by driving animals into a close circle, 108

Qandahar, 16, 92, 103, 112, 117, 123, 124, 151, 153, 191, 216

al-Qanun, Canon of Medicine, by Avicenna, 218, 233, 234

qanungos, keepers of land records and revenue measurement, 194

Qara Qoyunlu, Shil tribe of Azerbayjan and Iraq, 80

Qarachil, expedition, 47

Qaraqortim, 31

Qarlugh Hasan, 30

qarz-i hasana, literally a good loan, an interest-free loan, 227

qasbas, towns, 210, 215

Qasim Band (d. 1504), 80

Qasimbazaar, 145

qawl, a melodic form, 304, 305

qawwali, Indian sufi music, 305

qazis, Islamic judges, author of law books, 7, 8; Fatawa at- 'Alangiriyya, for the guidance of qazis, 163; Akbar's action against, 187; dependence on local customs, 188; provincial, 193; allowed to seek fawjdars' help, 194

Qazi 'Abdu'l-Wahhab, Aurangzib's loyal qazi 138

qazi-i mamalik, chief qazi of the Delhi Sultanate, 187

Qazin, Shaykh, of Hajjipur, 262

qaziu'l-quzat, see qazi-i mamalik

Qazvin, 103

Qibla, the direction of Ka'ba (q.v.) at Mecca, hence, the direction in which Muslims, wherever they are, turn to pray. In India it is nearly due west, 277

Qipchaq, 31

Qubilay Khan (1260-94), 47

Qudrat, Divine will, 365

Quilon, 40, 73, 221, 223

Qulij Khan, 123

Quinya, 239

Qur'an, arbitration urged by Mu'awiya on the basis of, 5; teaching of, 6; Nasiru'd-Din Khusraw accused of insulting the, 43; kept by Devaraya II for Muslims to kiss, 88; on ministers, 170; on jizya, 182; Mu'tazila view of, 231; 1, 200, 202, 255, 272, 278

Qur'anic exegesis, 217

Qutayba bin Muslim, conquered Transoxiana, 12

Qutb-i 'Alam (d. 1553), a grandson of Makhdum-i Jahaniyan, 240

Qutb Minar, 278-80, 283

Qutb Shah 'Abdu'llah, of Golkonda, 124-6

Qutb Shahls, 80-4, 125-7, 142, 143

Qutbu'd-Din, Khwaja, see Bakhtiyar Kaki,

Qutbu'd-Din (1373-89), Sultan of Kashmir, 62

406

Qutbu'd-Din Aybak, see Aybak Qutbu'l-Mulk, Sultan Quli, 80-2

Qutlugh Khwaja, a Mongol invader, 37

Quwwatu'l — Islam mosque, 211, 277-80

rabi', winter harvest, 186

Rabi'a Basri (d. 752) 237

Radcliffe Library, xxii Radd-i Rawafiz, by Mujaddid, 269

Radha, celestial consort of Krishna, 257, 358-60, 367-9

Rafizis, Shils, 362

ragas, series of notes on which a melody is based, 302

Raghunath Rai, diwan, under Shahjahan and Aurangzlb, 173

raginis, lesser modes in music, 302

Ragmala, garland of song, 302

Rahim, the Merciful, God, 363

Rai Anup, seventeenth-century painter, 301

Raichur, 77

Raidas, the chamar (shoemaker), the bhakta, 361

Ra'is, headmen, conquered local chiefs, 10, 20

Raisen, 68, 69, 72, 94, 100

Raj Singh, Rana, Aurangzib's promise to pursue Akbar's policy, 128, 137, 138

Raja Ahmad, of Khandesh, 68

Raja 'Ali-Khan, 113

Rajah, father of Sultan Firuz, 50

rajaniti, polity, 161

Rajaram, the Jat chief, 145

Rajaram, Shivaji's youngest son, 141-3

rajas, passion, 356

Rajasthan, 14, 15, 27, 32, 37, 43, 60-2, 90, 100, 101, 138, 139, 185, 202, 261

Rajasthani, dialect, 360

Rajatarangini, by Kalhana translated into Persian, 63

Rajjab Das, Dadu's disciple, 366

Rajmahal, 128, 132

Rajmundri, 80, 81

Rajputs, chieftains, xix; causes of defeat, 21-4; rulers of Rajasthan, 60, 61; defeated by Babur at Kanwah, 94; influence on Akbar, 106; Maharana Pratap's war of independence, 107, 108; Akbar's policy of granting mansabs to, 112; 14, 19, 21, 39, 60, 64, 65, 68, 70, 71, 90, 93, 100, 108, 109, 111, 118, 129, 130, 131, 136-8, 148, 150, 177, 199, 202, 210, 215, 367

Rajshahi, 6, 57

Raju, an Ethiopian leader of Ahmadnagar, 113

Ram, in Kabir's poetry, 363

Ram Chandra, son of Dasratha, 363

Ram-charit-manas, The Lake of the Story of Rama, 368, 369

Ram Ray, son of the seventh Sikh Guru Har Ray, patronized by Aurangzib, 135

Ram Singh, son of Mirza Raja Jai Singh, 139

Rama, god and hero, incarnation of Vishnu, 360, 368, 369

Ramadeva, Raja of Devagiri, 36, 40-2

Ramamaya, 307

Ramananda (c. 1360- 1470), 360, 366

Ramanuja (?1017-1137), 356, 360

Ramaraja, the greatest statesman of Vijayanagara, 83, 88

Ramayana, the Hindu epic, 161, 368

Ramazan, Muslim fasting month, 7

Ramdas (1608-81), the Marathi poet and saint, 359

Rameshvaram, 41

Ramganga, the river, 34

Ramla, near Jerusalem, 237

Rampur, xxi Rana Mai Bhatti, 201

Rana Sanga (1508-28) of Mewar, a Rajput hero, 61, 68, 93-5, 97, 137

ranas, village hereditary chieftains, 208

Rander, 76, 221, 223

Rang Mahal (Delightful Palace) in the Delhi Fort, 296

Rani Hadi, Maharaja Jaswant Singh's chief queen, 137

Rani Ka Hujra, Tomb of the Queens in - Ahmadabad, 285

Rani Sipri, mosque in Ahmadabad, 285

Ranking, G. S. A., xxv Rann of Kacch, 52, 131

Ranthambhor, 20, 27, 29, 30, 35, 37, 61, 136

Rao Chanda ( 1394- 1423), 61

Rapri, 65

rasayana, Hindu chemistry, 252

Rashidun, Rightly Guided Caliphs, 5, 154

Rastrakuta dynasty, xxvii Rastrakuta Rajputs of Bada'un, 21

Ratan Chand, Lala, 149

Ratan Singh, Raja, 40

Rathors, 61, 137, 367

rati-rahasya, mysteries of passion, 243

Ratan Singh, 367

Ratnagiri, 142

Raushan Ara (b. 1624), Shahjahan's daughter, 128

Ravana, the Demon, 369

Raverty, H. G. (b. 1825) xxiv

Rawal, Jai Singh, 67

Rawalpindi, 136

Rawat-i 'Arz, 'Imadu 'l- Mulk, Amir Khusraw's maternal grandfather, 204, 214, 216

rawats, village hereditary chieftains, 208

407

rawza, tomb, of Kabir, 363

ra'y, sound opinion, 7

Ray Rayan, leading ray or ruler, Raja Ramadeva, 41

Raygarh, Shivaji's stronghold, 140, 131, 142

Rayhan, 'Imadu'd-Din, an early thirteenth-century leader of Indian Muslims, 30, 197

rays, village hereditary chieftains, 208

Raza Library, Rampur, xxi Ar-Razi (d. 932) 232

Razi, Fakhru'd-Din (1149- 1209), 233

Raziyya (1236-40), 28-30, 197, 201, 217, 272

Razm-nama, the Mahabharata, 300

Reality, 266

Red Fort, 296

Red Sea, 73, 74, 220-2

Reddis, 60

registrars, qazis as, 187

The Relations, by Father Fernao Guerreiro, xxix

Relief measures, by Muhammad bin Tughluq, 48

Remonstrantie, by Francisco Pelsaert, xxxiii

renting, of houses, 215, 216

Republic, by Plato, 232

reservoir, by Iltutmish and Ala'u'd-Din Khalji, 211

revenue farming, in the eighteenth century, 149

revenue regulations, 'Ala'u'd-Din's, 38; modifications by Ghiyasu'd-Din Tughluq, 44; of the Delhi sultans 183-5; of the Mughals, 185, 186

Rhazes, see Ar-Razi Richardson, John, xxii

Rig Veda, 355

Rehla (The Travelogue) completed in December 1357 by Ibn Battuta, 13

Rinchana, 62

Rishi movement, in Kashmir, 257

river systems, for transport of merchandise, 220

riza, divine will, 366

Rizvi, S. A. A., xxxv road system, under Sher Shah, 102, 219; administration, 192, 219, 220

Roe, Sir Thomas, King James' ambassador to Jahangirs court, xxxii, xxxiii, 119, 120, 224, 300

Roger II, the Norman king of Sicily, xxvii Rogers, A., xxv Roh, beyond Peshawar, 97

Rohellas, 152

Rohelkhand, 27

Rohri, in Sind, 37

Rohtas, in Bihar, 98

Rohtas, north-west of Jhelam town, 100

Roman-Byzantine empire, 182

Roman Catholic Church, 355

Rome, Vijayanagara compared with, 288

Roshan Akhtar, see Muhammad Shah Roshana'is, a pantheistic Afghan movement, 111, 123

The Round Dance of Krishna and Udhava's message, 368

rububiyya, divinity, 159

Rudawli, near Lucknow, 246, 361

Rudra, 355

Rukn, declares himself Mahdi in Firuz Tughluq's reign, 259

Ruknu'd-Din (d. 1334-5) Suhrawardiyya Shaykh, 240; tomb, 281

Ruknu'd-Din Firuz (1236), 28

Ruknu'd Din Ibrahim Khalji (1296), 36

Rumi, Mawlana Jalalu'd- Din (d. 1273), one of the greatest Persian poets, 241, 246

Rumi Khan, the chief of the Deccan artillery, 83

Rumi Khan, the chief of the Gujarat artillery deserts to Humayun, 7; constructs a mobile battery on boats to bombard the Chunar fort, 98

Runi, Mas'ud (d. c. 1091), the Ghaznavid poet, 18

Rupmati, of Malwa, 284

Rushd-nama, by Shaykh 'Abdu'l-Quddus Gangohi, 256

Russia, xxviii

Rustam, 158

Rustaq, in Badakhsan, 266

Sabbath, 251

Sachau, E., xxvii

Sadasiva (1543-70), 88

Sadharan, 69

Sadhus, Hindu mendicants, 367

Sa'di, the great Persian poet, 23

Sadiq, Khwaja Muhammad, Mujaddid's eldest son, 270

Sadr, controller of religious matters and charitable grants, 193

Sadr-i Jahan, Miran, 201

Sadru'd-Din 'Arif, Shaykh (d. 1286), 240

Sadru'd-Din, Shaykh, Qunawi (d. 1274), 239

Sadru's-sudir, chief sadr (q.v.) 189, 241

Sadu'llah Khan, Shahjahan's diwan-i kull (q.v.) 172

Safdarjang, 151, 152

Saffron, 207

Sagar, 46

saguna, qualified approach todeity.357, 360, 361, 366, 367

sahaba, companions of the Prophet Muhammad, 237

Sahaja, that which is inborn, 372

Sahajiyas, those who yearned for sahaja, 357, 359, 372

Saharan, Gujar, father of one of the Firuz Tughluq's wives, 201

Sahib-i diwan, see khwaja Sahibiya, 267

Sahibji, Amir Khan's wife who controlled the Afghan tribes, 136

Sahih, collection of ahadis

408

(plural of hadis q.v.) by Bukhari and Muslim, 6, 259

Sahs, Hindu bankers, 18, 215, 216, 227

Sahasram, in Shahabad district Bihar, Farid's administration of the iqta' of, 97; Sher Shah's tomb, 289

Sahu, the son of Shambhaji, 142-4

Sa'id, Khwaja Muhammad, 271

sailors, Muslim, 222

Sakinatu'l-awliya' by Dara

Shukoh, 267

Sakti, 256, 257

sakuna, augury, 254

Salabat Khan, tomb at Ahmadnagar, 287

Salar-i Hinduyan, commander of the Hindus in Mahmud of Ghazni's army, 15

Salar Jang, Sir, Museum at Hyderabad, xxi, xxv salatin, kings, 156

Salim, Prince, Akbar's eldest son, 90; rebels, 113, see Jahangir, Salim Chishti, Shaykh of Sikri (d. 1572), 106, 246

Salima Sultana Begum, 201

Satimgarh, fort, 130

Salman Farisi, the Prophet Muhammad's Iranian companion, 3, 237

Salman; Mas'ud Sa'd, the founder of the Indo- Persian style of poetry, 18

Salsette, 82, 224

saltpetre, export banned by Aurangzib, 225; 211

Salt Range, northern part of the Jhelam, Shahpur and Mianwali districts of the Panjib, 19, 30, 31, 53, 100, 101

Saluva, dynasty of Vijayanagara, 86

Sema', literally audition, sufi music and dance, 236, 243, 244

samadhis, graves, 363

Saman-khuda, founder of the Saminid dynasty in Transoxiana, 12

Samana, 32, 45, 53, 56, 191, 220, 225

Samanids, 12, 13, 27

Samarqand, 53, 63, 91, 95, 268

Sama'u'd-Din (d. 1496) the Suhrawardiyya Shaykh, 241

Sambhal (Muradabad), 64

Sambhar, in Rajasthan, 27, 61, 106, 366

Samkirtan, 360

Samuri, sea king, the Hindu king of Calicut, 73

Samutiru, 73

Samvata, the gardener bhakta, 359

Sandapur, see Goa Sangama, the ruler of Kampili, 84; the dynasty 86, 87

Sangameshwar, near Ratnagiri, 142

Sangitaratnakara, 305

Sangitasiromani, 305

Sanguinetti, B. R., xxviii Sankhya, source of Shankara's philosophy, 356

Sankhya-karika, 251

sannyasis, Hindu hermits, Akbar's interest in, 106; practices of, 249

Sanskrit, manuscripts collected by Fraser, xxii; Sind urban population spoke, 11; manuscripts from Jwalamukhi collected by Firuz Tughluq, 52; patronized by Tirhut rajas, 60; commentaries by Rana Kumbha on works in, 61; Sultan Zaynu'l-'Abidin's interest in, 63; a source of Akbar's philosophical traditions, 234; works translated for Danishmand Khan, 235; Nakhshabi's translations from, 243, 253; al-Biruni's comments on works in, 250; Amir Khusraw's knowledge of, 253; translations of works in, 253-5, 368

sant, Hindu saint, 358, 361, 362, 364, 365

Santaji Ghorpade, 144

sari'i 'adl, shopping centre for cloth founded by 'Ala'u'd-Din Khalji, 39

Sarangadeva (1210-47), 305

Sarangpur, 61, 70, 72, 94

sardeshmukhi, an additional tax of 10% collected by Shivaji in his capacity as the hereditary deshmukh (chief) of Maharashtra, 141, 150

sar-jandar, commander of the royal bodyguards, 24, 168

sarkars, subdivisions of a province for fiscal administration, 111, 191, 194

Sarkhij in Gujarat, 206, 285

sarrafs, sharoff, money changers, 227

sar-silahdar, head of silahdars (q.v.), 168

Sarsari, Hajji Sa'id, 158

Sarsuti, 19, 20

Sasanid, 3, 162, 182, 280

sat-cit-ananda, existence, intelligence and bliss, 368

Sat Gaon, in South Bengal, 57

Satara, 140

sati, a widow immolating herself on her husband's funeral pyre, abolished by Sultan Sikandar and permitted by Zaynu'l- 'Abidin of Kashmir, 63; Mughal Kotwals ordered to prevent, 190, 191; prohibited by Akbar, 202

Satlaj, the river, 130 205

Satnami revolt, 135, 183

Satnuti, modern Calcutta, 146

Sattva, virtue, 356

Saugar, 66

Saurashtra, 14

Sawanih nawis, secret reporters, 192

sawar, rank indicating the horsemen which a mansabdar was required to maintain, 176

Sayfu'd-Din, see Suha Bhatta Sayfu'd-Din, Shaykh, the father of Shaykh 'Abdu'l-