Types of Forming Words. Derivation. Affixation

Semantically suffixes fall into:

• Semantically suffixes fall into:
• Monosemantic:the suffix -ess has only one meaning ‘female’ – tigress, tailoress;
• Polysemantic: the suffix -hood has two meanings:
• ‘condition or quality’ – falsehood, womanhood;
• ‘collection or group’ – brotherhood.

According to their generalizing denotational meaning suffixes may fall into several groups. E.g., noun-suffixes fall into those denoting:

• According to their generalizing denotational meaning suffixes may fall into several groups. E.g., noun-suffixes fall into those denoting:
• the agent of the action: -er (baker); -ant (accountant);
• appurtenance: -an/-ian (Victorian, Russian); -ese (Chinese);
• collectivity: -dom (officialdom); -ry (pleasantry);
• Diminutiveness:-ie (birdie); -let (cloudlet); -ling (wolfling).

According to their stylistic reference suffixes may be classified into:

• According to their stylistic reference suffixes may be classified into:
• those characterized by neutral stylistic reference: -able (agreeable); -er (writer); -ing (meeting);
• those having a certain stylistic value: -oid (asteroid); -tron (cyclotron).

These suffixes occur usually in terms and are bookish.

Some non-productive suffixes:

Noun-forming suffixes	-th (truth), -hood (sisterhood), -ship (scholarship).
Adjective-forming suffixes	-ly (sickly), -some (tiresome), -en (golden), -ous (courageous), -ful (careful)
Verb-forming suffix	-en (strengthen)