Types of Forming Words. Derivation. Affixation

A suffix is a derivational morpheme following the root and forming a new derivative in a different word class (-en, -y, -less in heart-en, heart-y, heart-less).

Suffixes can be classified into different types in accordance with different principles:

• According to the lexical-grammatical character of the base suffixes are usually added to, they may be:
• deverbal suffixex (those added to the verbal base): -er (builder); -ing (writing);
• denominal suffixes (those added to the nominal base): -less (timeless); -ful (hopeful); -ist (scientist); -some (troublesome);
• deajectival suffixes (those added to the adjectival base): -en (widen); -ly (friendly); -ish (whitish); -ness (brightness).

According to the part of speech formed suffixes fall into several groups:

• According to the part of speech formed suffixes fall into several groups:
• noun-forming suffixes: -age (breakage, bondage); -ance/-ence (assistance, reference); -dom (freedom, kingdom); -er (teacher, baker); -ess (actress, hostess); -ing (building, wasing);
• adjective-forming suffixes: -able/-ible/-uble (favourable, incredible, soluble); -al (formal, official); -ic (dynamic); -ant/-ent (repentant, dependent);
• numeral-forming suffixes: -fold (twofold); -teen (fourteen); -th (sixth); -ty (thirty);
• verb-forming suffixes: -ate (activate); -er (glimmer); -fy/-ify (terrify, specify); -ize (minimize); -ish (establish);
• adverb-forming suffixes: -ly (quickly, coldly); -ward/-wards (backward, northwards); -wise (likewise).