Ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic uzbekistan state world languages university

Phonetic features
: 
all languages have vowels and consonants. 
Morphological
:
in most languages, words are structured into morphemes, 
morphemes function as full and auxiliary elements. 
Lexical:
in all languages vocabulary is a system of semantic fields. In all 
languages, there is polysemy, synonymy, antonymy
. 
Syntactic: 
in all languages, there is a distribution of a subject-verb- object
. 
Examples of 
full universals
:"
If a language has discreet morphemes, there 
are either pre-fixation or suffixation or both of them". "If a language is exclusively 
suffixational, it is a language with post-fixes. If a language is exclusively 
prefixational, it is a language with prefixes". 
There are different ways of articulating and describing language universals: 
descriptive and formal (with the help of special symbols). 
Typological classification
is … “opposed to genealogical classification and is 
bound to classifying languages according to their taxonomic/systemic features and 
defining structural types of languages” (K.Solntzev). 
Morphological or Typological classification deals with the classification of 
languages according to their structural features or types in language instead of the 
genealogical origin. 

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An example of a typological classification is the classification of languages 
based on the order of the verb, subject and object in a 
sentence into several types: SVO, SOV, VSO, and so on, 
languages. (English, for instance, belongs to the SVO lan-
guage type.) 
Ethalon language
is an object language for 
ComparativeTypology and it is also a means or system of 
tools to compare languages. It is usually identified 
deductively. The notion of etalon language was introduced 
by 
Boris Uspensky
. 
Some scholars prefer the term meta language which 
is to a certain extent synonymous to ethalon language. It is the second major 
function of the ethalon language to serve an instrument of comparison. This 
instrument may be represented as follows: 
any natural language (usually one's native tongue); a linguistic category, for 
example, gender, voice, person, sex, etc; concept; field. 
Below there are some more examples of ethalon language: 

specially created artificial language; 

an existing language with thewell-developed system; 

certain sign system; 

certain linguistic method; 

phonetic, morphological, syntactic or other models; 

intermediary language; 

the language of translation, etc. 
For applied purposes, etalon language is classified into minimal and 
maximal.