Preface to the lecture, 1

106

 

field dependent curvature of space

 

 

(Model):

 

Two particles of matter each in the field of the other particle.

 

Two elementary particles or two accumulations of matter 

consisting of these are able to reduce the distance to each 

other for reason of their fields, which we interpret as a 

force of attraction.

 

 

B: (Example): The orbits of the planets in the field of the sun. 

Fig. 6.7: The influence of the field on interactions.

 

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theory of objectivity

 

107

 

6.7 Field dependent curvature of space

 

Let's assume, an accumulation of matter, as big as our earth, wanted to fly past the sun in 

the distance earth-sun. But it would not succeed. Because the fields arising from the sun 

decreases with increasing distance and according to equation 6.15 as a consequence the 

size of the particles of matter increases. The planet hence is more strongly contracted on 

its side turned towards the sun, as on the turned away "night side". It bends towards the 

sun and its flight path becomes a circular path around the sun. That is the interaction 

known as gravitation!

 

To an earth inhabitant this curvature reveals itself merely in the observation that the 

duration of sunshine at daytime is longer, than it would be expected to be under the 

assumption of the earth as a homogeneous sphere. In this context one willingly speaks of a 

curvature of space. Actually it is a curvature of matter under the influence of the field 

dependent length contraction.

 

Exactly this contraction the planets owe their circular orbits around the sun and by no 

means the equilibrium of forces between the force of attraction and the centrifugal force 

(fig. 6.7 B). It obviously is a fundamental mistake to think that gravitation would causally 

be connected with a force effect!

 

If, in this context, we speak of a force of attraction for the sake of our subjective 

observation, then we must realize that it merely can concern an auxiliary term founded in 

usefulness.

 

A thought experiment should bring us clarity (fig. 6.7 A). The field, which surrounds 

every particle of matter, reaches till infinity but becomes less effective with increasing 

distance. If the distance between two particles is 1, then one particle is in the field of the 

other particle. As a consequence of the field the length 1 reduces and in this way the size

 

determining field increases, which again leads to a further reduction of length etc. As a

 

consequence it can be observed that both particles are moving towards each other. We

 

speak of a force of attraction, because we can't register the influence of the field with our

 

senses.

 

In this way the consistent result that we and our environment at daytime must be smaller 

than in the night will as well remain hidden. We experience the effect only indirectly as 

gravitational pull of the earth.

 

Because we don't see the cause of a subjectively observed force effect, for the 

electromagnetic interaction, just as for the gravitation, the field dependency of the length 

contraction will be responsible. Hence the following conclusion holds for both interactions

 

equally way.

 

Two elementary particles or two accumulations of matter consisting of these are able to 

reduce the distance to each other for reason of their fields, which we interpret as a force 

of attraction.

 

Now the question still is open, why gravitation only knows forces of attraction, whereas 

the electromagnetic interaction also permits forces of repulsion and which are the causal 

fields for each.

 

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108

 

electromagnetic interaction

 

 

A: The field lines of the E-field for unlike charged particles

 

 

B: The field lines of the E-field for equal charged particles

 

The electromagnetic interaction of a particle is a result of 

the influence of the open field lines arising from it on the 

dimensions of space.

 

Fig. 6.8: The influence of the open field lines of the E-field

 

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theory of objectivity

 

109

 

6.8 Electromagnetic interaction

 

A convincing answer to the open question provides us the analysis of the course of the 

field lines, on the one hand for charged particles and on the other hand for uncharged 

particles, which do not participate in the electromagnetic interaction. 

If at first we consider electrically charged particles, like e.g. electrons, protons or ions.

 

Then all in common is that the towards infinity running field lines of the electric field are 

open. With this field the particle is able to interact with its environment. We measure a 

charge and an electromagnetic force effect. In the case of unequal charges, as is well-

 

known, a field amplification and attractive acting forces are observed whereas for equal 

charges a field reduction results and repulsion is observed.

 

If we make a connection between the field conditions and the electromagnetic interaction

 

in the sense of the proportionality (6.15), then the particle in reality is able to influence the

 

distance to other particles merely with the help of its electric field. For unequal charges a

 

compression of field lines arises, in which one particle stays in the focussed field of the

 

other and vice versa. In this way a contraction of all lengths occurs and the observable

 

attraction happens (fig. 6.8 A).

 

For equal charges the opposite case is present, in which even a local field freedom can

 

occur (fig. 6.8 B). If the field tends towards zero on the dashed line, then the distance will

 

go to infinity (according to eq. 6.15). Consequently, the observable effect that both bodies

 

go away from each other, will reach to infinity.

 

Actually the electromagnetic interaction proves to be a result of the field dependent length 

contraction.

 

The electromagnetic interaction of a particle is a result of the influence of the open field 

lines arising from it on the dimensions of the space, in which it is.

 

It is important that the field lines are open, for which reason they are bent away from like

 

charges and are directed towards unlike charges. Subjectively seen we find out that as a

 

consequence of the field reduction repulsive force effects and as a consequence of the field

 

compression attractive acting force effects are observed (fig. 6.8).

 

The consequence of is every electric field is, as is well-known, a magnetic field standing

 

perpendicular on it. The field lines of the magnetic field run parallel to the surface of the

 

particle and have a closed course (fig. 6.9 A)!

 

Therefore no magnetic poles form, which would be measurable. Seen from the outside the

 

particle behaves neutral magnetically seen, because of the closed course of the field lines.

 

An artificial field reduction and as a consequence observable forces of repulsion, like in

 

the case of the electromagnetic interaction, hence in principle are impossible.

 

The effect of the magnetic field thus is limited to a geometrical manipulation of the 

environment, namely the curvature of space, with which we have founded the 

phenomenon of the attraction of masses and of the gravitation.

 

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