Haptens: Small organic molecule (e g. 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene)
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30.04.2018
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Haptens: Small organic molecule (e.g. 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene)
Haptens: Small organic molecule (e.g. 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene)
Not Immunogenic by themselves
Can be immunogenic when attached to an immunogenic macromolecular carrier
The Anti-hapten antibody so generated will bind the Hapten
Epitope: A region of a macromolecular antigen that is actually
an antigenic determinant
,
a molecular sub-region that is actually recognized and bound by an Antibody or T-Cell Receptor
(See Figure 4 “Structural definition of the 37.7H epitope on Lassa Virus Trimer)
Cancer Antigens as
Targets
for Therapy
Cancer Antigens as
Targets for Therapy
Antibodies
as Anti-cancer Agents
Radioactively-labeled Antibodies
Cytolytic Antibodies
Specifically-activated Cytotoxic
T-Cells as Anti-Cancer Agents
Specifically Activated Antigen-presenting Cells (Tc).
Specifically Activated Helper T-Cells (TH)
Caused
by Gram Negative
Bacterial Endotoxins
: (Endotoxins = Agent is in the Outer Membrane)
Caused by Gram Negative
Bacterial Endotoxins
: (Endotoxins = Agent is in the Outer Membrane)
Examples -
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Neisseria meningitidis
Meningococcus
70,000
Deaths per year
Diarrhea, Fever, Blood Clotting, Blood Pressure Drop
Macrophage Activation by Endotoxin:
Generates
systemic cytokine production -
IL1 and TNF-alpha (Tumor necrosis factor)
Exotoxins =
Secreted or Presented Membrane Bound:
Exotoxins =
Secreted or Presented Membrane Bound:
Act as "Superantigens"
Examples -
Staphylococcus aureus:
TSST1 (Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin)
Streptococcus pyrogenes - Rheumatic fever and shock
Staphylococcus enterotoxins: Food poisoning
Superantigens cross-link TCR with Antigen-presenting
Cell MHC Class II Proteins
Again Generates systemic cytokine production
– IL1 and TNF-alpha (Tumor necrosis factor)
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