Andhra university

II Semester

ACHT2.1: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY-II

Co-ordination chemistry of metal complexes valence bond theory of complex compounds

–Inner and outer orbital complexes-Electroneutrality principle and back bonding –Isomerism in coordination compounds –crystal field theory crystal field stabilization energy- crystal effects in tetrahedral and square planar complexes.
Application of crystal field theory to account for spectral and magnetic properties of complexes and stabilization of an oxidation state of a metal ion in a complex. Octahedral and planar substitution mechanisms in co-ordination compounds-Introduction to Molecular orbital theory of complex compounds –Nephelauxetic effect.
Inorganic reaction mechanisms- concept of hard and soft acids and bases-Mechanism of redox reactions outer sphere mechanisms ,Inner sphere mechanisms-Metal cluster compounds-Sandwich compounds and metal carbonyls.
Chemistry of lanthanides and actinides –Stable oxidation states-Lanthanide and actinide contraction-Absorption spectra of lanthanides and actinides and their magnetic properties-separation of Lanthanides and actinides, uses of lanthanides and their compounds.
Mass bar spectroscopy –principles and chemical applications –counting techniques-G.M.ionization and scintillation counters-statistics-Application of Radio-isotopes-Iodine -131 and cobalt-60 in Radio therapy. P32 in fertilizers-use of r-rays , food preservation,vegetable preservation –leak testing in high vacuum systems.

SUGGESTED BOOKS FOR READING
1Inorganic chemistry, principles of structure and reactivity, 4thEdition by James E. Huheey: Elleu A. keiter: Richard L. Keiter.

2.Advanced inorganic chemistry by F.A.Cotton and G. Wilkinson.

3.Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry by Day and Selbin.

4.Concepts and Models in Inorganic Chemistry by Doughlas Mc Daniel.

5.Introductory Quantum Chemistry by A.K. chandra (Tata McGrawhill)

6.Chemistry of Lnathanides by T. Healler, chapman and Hall.

7.Chemical Applications of Group Theory by B.A. Cotton.

8.Basic concepts of Nuclear Chemistry by R.T. Overmann.

9.Introduction to Nuclear Science by M.N.Sastri, East West Press, Madras.

ACHT2.2: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – II

ALIPHATIC ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION: Bimolecular mechanisms- SE 2 and SEi. The SE 1 mechanism, electrophilic substitution accompanied by double bond shifts. Effect of substrates, leaving group and the solvent polarity on the reactivity.The

Haloform reaction and Haller-Bauer reaction

MECHANISMS OF SOME TYPICAL NAME REACTIONS : Favorskii, Wagner-Meerwein, Neber,Hofmann, Schmidt, Lossen, Curtius,Beckmann, Baeyer-Villiger, Fries,Stevens,Wittig rearrangements.-Michael and Mannich reactions-pinacol-pinacolone rearrangements.
Basic concept of free radical formation, their stability and polymerisation.

ORGANIC PHOTOCHEMISTRY Jablonski diagram-cis-trans isomerism, paterno-Buchi reaction, Norrish Type I and II reactions-Barton reaction- photoreduction of ketones di-pi methane rearrangement. photochemistry of areanes.


CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS Classification,isolation, synthesis and structural elucidation of the following.

Terpenoids: Camphor, α-Pinene and Santonin

Alkaloids : Papaverine, Nicotine, Quinine and Atropine.

Purines : Caffeine

Steroids : Cholesterol
BIO ORGANICCHEMISTRY : Introduction, enzymes, mechanism of enzyme action, kinds of reactions catalysed by enzymes, co-enzymes, biomimetic chemistry and

biotechnological applications of enzymes

TEXT BOOKS :

1.A guide book to mechanisms in Organic chemistry by Peter Sykes : ELBS.

2.Organic chemistry, Vol. I ( 6^th Edn. ) and Vol. II ( 5^th Edn . ) by I.L. Finar, ELBS.

3.Organic chemistry by Mukherjee, Singh and Kapoor, Vols. I.and II, Wiley Eastern

4.Reaction mechanism in Organic chemistry by Mukerjee and Singh, Macmillan India.

REFERENCE BOOKS

1.Advanced organic chemistry by Jerry March, Wiley Eastern.

2. Chemistry of Natural Products by K.W. Bentley ( Editor ).

3. Stereochemistry of carbon compounds by E.Eliel, McGraw –Hill.

ACHT2.3 :PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY -II

PHOTO CHEMISTRY Consequences of light absorption – quantum yield and its determinations – fluorescence , phosphorescence and sensitized fluorescence – photolysis of aldehydes and ketones photochemical reactions between hydrogen and halogens – photosynthesis – flash photolysis .

ELECTRO CHEMISTRY Interionic attraction theory of Debye and Huclel – Onsagor’s modification - determination of activity coefficients from EMF ‘s of reversible cells – concentration cells with and with out transference, liquid junction potentials – applicability to hydration numbers – determination of thermodynamic data from EMF measurements – primary cells fuel cells – photoelectrochemical cells .

SURFACE CHEMISTRY Adsorption of gages by solids – Langmuir, Freundlich and B-E-T isotherms – applicability to heterogeneous catalysis – determination of surface area of adsorbents – Electrokinetic phenomena – Donnan membrane equilibrium – emulsions .

CATALYSIS Acid – base catalysis , Michaelis – Menten catalysis, chain reactions- consecutive ,parallel reactions involving unimolecular stops only .
MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY Electromagnetic radition – rotation and vibration of diatomic molecules- selection rules – rotation of polyatomic molecules – microwave spectroscopy – vibration of polyatomic molecules infrared and Raman spectroscopy .

SUGGESTED BOOKS FOR READING
1Physical chemistry – S. Glasstone (Macmillan)

2.Physical chemistry – W.J. Moore (Orient Longmans)

3.Physical chemistry – G.M. Barrow ( Mc Graw – Hill )

4.Physical chemistry - S.A. Maron –Prutton ( Collier – Macmillan )

5.Physical chemistry – G.W. Castellan ( Addison – Wesley )

6.Thermodynamics – N.V.Rao ( Macmillan )

7.Molecular Spectroscopy –C.N. B.anwell ( Tata McGraw-Hill )

ACST2.71 : GREEN CHEMISTRY

Designing a Green Synthesis: Choice of Starting Materials, Choice of Reagents, Choice of Catalysts, Choice of Solvents.

Basic Principles of Green Chemistry: Prevention of Waste/By-Products, Maximum Incorporation of the Reactants into the Final Product, Prevention or Minimization of Hazardous Products, Designing Safer Chemicals, Energy Requirements for Synthesis, Selection of Appropriate Solvent, Selection of Starting Materials, Use of Protecting Groups, Use of Catalyst, Products Designed Should be Biodegradable, Designing of Manufacturing Plants, Strengthening of Analytical Techniques.

Green Chemistry in Day-to-Day Life: Dry Cleaning of Clothes, Versatile Bleaching Agent.

Green Reagent: Dimethylcarbonate, Polymer Supported Reagents.

Green Catalysts: Acid Catalysts, Oxidation Catalysts, Basic Catalysts, Polymer Supported Catalysts.

Phase Transfer Catalysis in Green Synthesis: Introduction, Applications of PTC in Organic Synthesis, Oxidation Using Hydrogen Peroxide Under PTC Condition, Crown Ethers.

Microwave Induced Green Synthesis: Introduction, Applications – Microwave Assisted Reactions in Water, Microwave Assisted Reactions in Organic Solvents, Microwave Solvent Free Reactions (Solid State Reactions).

Ultrasound Assisted Green Synthesis: Introduction, Applications of Ultrasound.

Biocatalysts in Organic Synthesis: Introduction, Biochemical (Microbial) Oxidations, Biochemical (Microbial) Reductions, Enzymes Catalysed Hydrolytic Processes.

Aqueous Phase Reactions: Introduction, Diels-Alder Reaction, Claisen Rearrangement, Wittig-Homer Reaction, Michael Reaction, Aldol Condensation, Knoevenagel Reaction, Pinacol Coupling, Benzoin Condensation, Claisen-Schmidt Condensation, Heck Reaction, Strecker Synthesis, Wurtz Reaction, Oxidations, Reductions, Polymerisation Reactions, Photochemical Reactions, Electrochemical Synthesis, Miscellaneous Reactions in Aqueous Phase.

Organic Synthesis in Solid State: Introduction, Solid Phase Organic Synthesis Without Using Any Solvent, Solid Supported Organic Synthesis.

Versatile Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents: Green Solvents, Reactions in Acidic Ionic, Liquids, Reactions in Neutral Ionic Liquids.

Synthesis Involving Basic Principles of Green Chemistry: Some Examples; Introduction, Synthesis of Styrene, Synthesis of Adipic Acid, Catechol and 3- dehydroshikirnic Acid (a potential replacement for BHT), Synthesis of Methyl Methacrylate, Synthesis of Urethane, An Environmentally Benign Synthesis of Aromatic Amines, Selective Alkylation of Active Methylene Group, Free Radical Brornination, Acetaldehyde, Furfural from Biomass, Synthesis of (S)-metolachlor, an Optically Active Herbicide, Synthesis of Ibuprofen, Synthesis of Paracetamol, Green Synthes~s Qf3 phenyl Catechol, Synthesis of Epoxystyrene, Synthesis of Citral, Synthesis of Nicotinic Acid, Use of Molting Accelerators to Replace More, Toxic and Harmful Insecticides, An Environmentally Safe Marine Antifoulant.
SUGGESTED BOOKS FOR READING
1. P. Anastas and H. Williamson, Green chemistry frontiers in benign chemical

synthesis and processes, Oxford University Press.

2. Lerma and W. Straat, Chemical management: Reducing wast and cost through

innovative supply strategies, Willey Sons.

3. M.C. Cann and M. E. Connelly Real world cases in green chemistry, ACS

Publications.

4. T. Clayton, Policies for cleaner Technologies, Earthscan

5. V. K. Ahluwalia and M. Kidwai, New Trends in Green Chemistry, Anamaya

Publishers, New Delhi.

ACST2.72: QUANTUM CHEMISTRY
Quantum mechanics: Introduction, Schrodinger equation and the postulates of quantum mechanics. Discussion of solutions of the Schrodinger equation to some model systems viz., particle in a box, the harmonic oscillator, the rigid rotor, the hydrogen atom.
Approximate Methods: The variation theorem, linear variation principle. Perturbation theory (first order and non degenerate). Applications of variation method and perturbation theory to the Helium atom.
Angular Momentum: Ordinary angular momentum, generalized angular momentum, eigenfunctions for angular momentum, eigenvalues of angular momentum, operator using ladder operators, addition of angular momenta, spin, antisymmetry and Pauli exclusion principle.
Electronic Structure of Atoms: Electronic configuration, Russell-Saunders terms and coupling schemes, Slater-Condon parameters, term separation energies of the pn configuration, term separation energies for the dn configurations, magnetic effects: spin-orbit coupling and Zeeman splitting, introduction to the methods of self –consistent field, the virial theorem.
Born-Oppenheimer approximation: Hydrogen molecule ion. LCAO-MO and VB treatments of the hydrogen molecule; electron density, forces and their role in chemical binding. Hybridization and valence MOs of H₂O, NH₃ and CH₄. Huckel theory of conjugated systems, bond order and charge density calculations. Applications to ethylene, butadiene, cyclopropenyl radical and cyclobutadiene.

Recommended Books :

1. Physical Chemistry, P.W. Atkins, ELBS.

2. Introduction to Quantum Chemistry, AK Chandra, Tata McGraw Hill.

3. Quantum Chemistry, Ira N. Levine, Prentce Hall.

4. Coulson's Valence, A. McWeeny, ELBS.

ACST2.73 : NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

Nuclear models

Introduction to Nuclear chemistry-The shell model –The Liquid Drop Model –The Fermi Gas Model – The Collective Model

Nuclear Reactions

Radioactivity- Radioactive Elements-Bethe’s Notation – Types of Nuclear Reactions – Conservation in Nuclear Reactions – Reaction Cross section –The Compound Nucleus Theory –Experimental Evidence of Bohr’s Theory : Experiments of Ghoshal and of Alexander and simonoff – Specific Nuclear Reactions –Transuraniens- Photonuclear Reactions –Thermonuclear Reactions –Fusion Reactions –The Origin and Evolution of Elements

Nuclear Reactors

The Fission Energy –The Natural Uranium Reactor-The Four Factor Formula : The Reproduction Factor k –The Classification –of Reactors –Reactor Power - Critical Size of a Thermal Reactor – India’s Nuclear Energy Programme – Reprocessing of spent Fuels: Recovery of uranium and Plutonium – Nuclear Waste Management –Nature’s Nuclear Reactor

Detection and Measurement of Activity

The Electrometer – the Ionization Chamber – Electron Pulse counters- Scintillation Detectors –Semiconductor Detector –Thermo luminescence Detectors –Neutron Detectors

Isotopes for Nuclear Reactors

The Nature –The Atomic Age –Isotope Separation – Separation of Selected Isotopes

Applications of Radioactivity

Probing by Isotopes –Typical Reactions Involved in the preparation of Radioisotopes-The Szilard –Chalmers’ Reaction Cow and milk Systems –Use of Charged Plates in Collection of Radioisotopes –Radiochemical Principles in the Use of tracers –uses of Nuclear Reactions – Radio Isotopes as a Source of Electricity

Recommended Books :
1. Essentials of Nuclear Chemistry, H.J. Arnikar, Eastern Wiley (1990).

2. Nuclear & Radiochemistry, G. Friedlandes & J.W. Kennedy, John Wiley & Sons

(1987).


ACHP2.4 : INORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL

Experiments:
Analysis of inorganic salt mixtures

( minimum four mixtures )

Semi-micro qualitative analysis of six radical mixtures containing one interfering radical and one less familiar cation each .
Study of Systematic procedure
Spot tests.
Text Books
1.A text book of Practical Inorganic Chemistry by AI Vogel, ELBS

2.Laboratory manual of Engineering Chemistry by Dr Sudha rani

ACHP2.5 : ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL


Experiments:

Identification of unknown organic compounds : (Single compound)

Systematic identification of organic compounds –preliminary examination , detection of extra elements ,solubility ,common functional group tests ,functional group tests

(determination of two functional group in a single component ,if at all present),preparation of two rational derivatives .

The given organic compound must be identified by checking the melting point /Boiling point of the compound and melting points of its derivatives with the literature
List of suggested compounds

Glucose, Fructose , Benzaldehyde ,Para anisaldehyde ,P-Chloro benzaldehyde ,Acetophenone ,Phenol ,cresols, Naphthols ,Benzoic acid ,P-Chloro Benzoic acid ,aniline , p-tolune,p-anisidine ,P-chloro aniline ,diphenyl amine ,N.N-dimethyl aniline ,Benzamide ,Naphthalene ,and Anthracene .

TEXT BOOKS
1 A text book of practial Organic chemistry by A.I. Vogel, ELBS and Longman

group.

2.Practical Organic chemistry by Mann and Saunders, ELBS and Longman

Group

3.Organic analytical Chemistry –Jagmohan

ACHP2.6 : PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL

List of Experiments:

1.Formula of Cuprammonium cation –distrubition method.

2.Heat of Neutralisation .
3.Heat of solution.
4.A study of the adsorption of oxalic acid on charcoal.
5.Study of binary liquid mixture involving azeotrope .
6.Study of a two component system involving eutectic or compound formation .
7.Phase diagram of a three component system ( chloroform –acetic acid – water )


TEXT BOOKS
1.Practical Physical Chemistry by Alexander .
2.Vogel's Textbook of Quantitative Analysis, revised, J. Bassett, R. C. Denney, G. H.

Jeffery and J. Mendham,ELBS