Andhra university

I Semester

ACHT1.1 : INORGANIC CHEMISTRY – I
Basic quantum mechanics-Functions and operations postulates of quantum mechanics-Schordinger equation-physical significance of wave function-Radial dependence curves-Radial probability distribution curves and their significance-Angular functions.

Applications of Schordinger’s equation to a particle in a one dimensional box. Vectorial model of the atom-Atomic spectra and term symbols (R-S Coupling only). Anomalies in the electronic configuration of elements-Modern periodic table-classification of elements-Slater’s rule for calculation of schielding constant and effective nuclear change.

Valance bond theory-Simple interpretation of covalent bond-Heitler London theory-Pauling slater theory-Hybridisation and shapes of simple molecules-dative bonding-resonance-multiple bonding beyond second period elements-VSEPR-theory and its importance-Molecular orbital theory as applied to homonuclear and simple hetero nuclear diatomic molecules (non-mathematical approach only)-
Fajan’s rules for prediction of non-polar character.

Ionic bond-common structures-properties of ionic compounds-Ionic radius paulings univalent radii-Radius ratio effects –lattice energy- Born haber cycle- Defect structures –Metallic bond (Paulings thoery)-Band theory of solids p-type and n-type semiconductors-super conductivity-superconductivity ceramics.

Radio activity decay and equilibrium-Nuclear reactions-Q values-cross sections-Types of reactions-chemical effects of nuclear transformations-Fission and fusion-fission products and fission yields-Radio active techniques-Tracer techniques-Activation analysis.
SUGGESTED BOOKS FOR READING
1Inorganic chemistry, principles of structure and reactivity, 4thEdition by James E. Huheey: Elleu A. keiter: Richard L. Keiter.

2.Advanced inorganic chemistry by F.A.Cotton and G. Wilkinson.

3.Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry by Day and Selbin.

4.Concepts and Models in Inorganic Chemistry by Doughlas Mc Daniel.

5.Introductory Quantum Chemistry by A.K. chandra (Tata McGrawhill)

6.Chemistry of Lnathanides by T. Healler, chapman and Hall.

7.Chemical Applications of Group Theory by B.A. Cotton.

8.Basic concepts of Nuclear Chemistry by R.T. Overmann.

9.Introduction to Nuclear Science by M.N.Sastri, East West Press, Madras.

ACHT1.2 : ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – I

STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY Properties of organic molecules – concept of Aromaticity – Types – Huckel and Craig’s rules – Benzenoid and non benzenoid compounds – annulenes – Hetero annulenes – fullerenes (C 60 ) – Types of organic reactions – mechanisms – Energy and Kinetic aspects – reactive intermediates – their formation and stability – . Nucleophilic substitution at a saturated carbon atom – S_N 1, S_N 2 and S_N i reactions. Elimination reactions E1, E2 and E1 c B- Elimination versus substitution.
AROMATIC NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION : The S_N Ar , benzyne and S_RN 1 mechanisms. Reactivity - effect of substrate structure, leaving group and attacking nucleophile. The von Richter, Sommelet-Hauser and Smiles rearrangements.

STEREOCHEMISTRY Conformational isomerism – cyclohexanes and decalins – optical isomerism – optical activity – molecular asymmetry and dissymmetry. Enantio and diastereo selective synthesis. Chirality – optical isomerism in biphenyls , allenes and spirans – optical isomerism in Nitrogen compounds . Geometrical isomerism – acylic and cyclic compounds.

PERICYCLIC REACTIONS Definition – classification-selection rules and stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions, cycloaddition and sigmatropic shifts , cope and claisen rearrangements – Diels – Alder reaction.

CHEMISTRY OF HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS Synthesis and reactivity of Benzofuran, Benzothiophene , Indole, Pyrimidine, Pyrazine, Oxazole, Quinoline and Isoquinoline.

TEXT BOOKS :

1.A guide book to mechanisms in Organic chemistry by Peter Sykes : ELBS.

2.Organic chemistry, Vol. I ( 6^th Edn. ) and Vol. II ( 5^th Edn . ) by I.L. Finar, ELBS.

3.Organic chemistry by Mukherjee, Singh and Kapoor, Vols. I.and II, Wiley Eastern

4.Reaction mechanism in Organic chemistry by Mukerjee and Singh, Macmillan India.

REFERENCE BOOKS

1.Advanced organic chemistry by Jerry March, Wiley Eastern.

2. Chemistry of Natural Products by K.W. Bentley ( Editor ).

3. Stereochemistry of carbon compounds by E.Eliel, McGraw –Hill.

ACHT1.3 :PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY –I

SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY – I Introduction, classification, laws of crystallography, crystallographic systems, space lattice, types of lattices, Brags Equation, Fourier synthesis, X-ray spectrometer, lane photograph, Rotating crystal mkethod, Powder method, Neutron Diffraction, Heat capacities of solids, Molar heat capacities, application, quantum theories of specific heats (Einstein Equation, Debye equation) Born Hager cycle, cohesive energy Ionic crystal. Properties of solids, Rhedogical plastic flow and elastic its glass transition temperature.

SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY – II Defects in solids-point defects- linear defect-Frenkel & Schotkey defect (Mathematical derivations). Band theory of solids- semiconductors – Extrinsic & Intrinsic non stochiometric, organic semiconductors, p-n junction, rectifiers, transistors, metal purification by zone refining, preparation of single crystals of Si & Ge (Czochralski crystal pulling method) doping, Integrated circuits.

CHEMICAL KINETICS –I Introduction, order, molecular its rate constant specific reaction rate, zero^th order first order second order third order rate equations (with suitable gaseous phase and liquid phase reaction determination of order of reactions (method of integrations, Time to complete definite fraction of the reactions, differential method, isolation method) opposing, reactions Hydrogen-bromine, hydrogen- chlorine reactions, consecutive reactions photolysis of acetaldehyde.

KINETICS – II Theories of reaction rates-(collision and transition state teas). Fast reaction Flow systems Stoppers flow method Effect of substitute Hemet equations Taft equation primary and secondary salt effects, effect of dielectric constant of solvent, ion – ion interaction, catalysis, Acid – base Enzyme catalysis. Oscillating reactions, Autocatalysis, chemical chaos.

SUGGESTED BOOKS:

1. Solid state chemistry by Azaroch.

2. Chemical Kinetics- Laidiler.

ACST1.71 : ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Errors in Quantitative Analysis: Accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, standard

deviation, classification of errors and their minimization, significant figures, criteria for

rejection of data, Q-test, t-test and F-test, control chart, sampling methods, sampling

error, Standard Reference, Materials, Statistical data treatment.

Theories of non-instrumental methods of Analysis: Nucleation, co-precipitation, postprecipitation, precipitation from homogeneous solutions; Organic reagents, Precipitation

titration (Volhards and Mohrs methods) redox titrations, complexometric titrations, metal

ion indicators, masking

.

Solvent Extraction: Principle, technique and applications of different types of extraction

systems, various factors affecting extraction(pH, solvent, time of equilibration) , Some practical considerations in solvent extraction, Determination of Ni as [Ni(DMG)2] and Pb by dithizone method,

.

Electroanalytical methods: Voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, polarography,

amperometry, coulometry and conductometry, ; Potentiometry

.

SUGGESTED BOOKS:

1. Analytical Chemistry Principles and Techniques, L.G. Hargis, Prentice Hall, USA.

2. Instrumental methods of analysis, H.H. Willard, L.L. Merritt, Jr., J.A. Dean and F.A.

Settle, Jr., Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York

3. Principles of instrumental analysis, D.A. Skoog, W.B. Saunders Co., New York.

4. Vogel's Textbook of Quantitative An alysis, revised, J. Bassett, R. C. Denney, G. H.

Jeffery and J. Mendham, ELBS

5. Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, A. R. Tatchell, John Wiley

ACST1.72: Chemistry of Biomolecules

4 units (52 hrs)

Carbohydrates: Brief review of configurational and conformational aspects of carbohydrates. Structure, properties and importance of structural (cellulose and chitin) and storage polysaccharides (starch and glycogen), glycosaminoglycans, cardioglycosides and bacterial cell wall polysaccharides. Structure elucidation of polysaccharides (starch, glycogen and cellulose). Glycoproteins – structure and functions, blood group antigens, sequence analysis of oligosaccharides. Lectins – characteristics and functions in biological system.

10 hrs

Lipids: Lipid classification, brief account of the chemical properties and structure of lipids (without structure elucidation) & biological role of the following: fatty acids, acyl glycerols, phospholipids, plasmalogens, sphingolipids, glycolipids, steroids, eicosanoids – prostaglandins, thromboxanes, & leukotrienes, leptin and visfatin. 7 hrs

Amino acids and Proteins: Review of classification and structure of amino acids, acid – base properties of amino acids. Non – standard, non–protein and biologically active amino acids. UV_ light absorption property of amino acids. Ionic properties of peptides and proteins. Naturally occurring peptides. Peptide synthesis– reactive ester method and modified Merrifield solid phase synthesis.

Primary structure: Elucidation of primary structure of proteins – Determination of amino acid composition, end group analysis, cleavage by enzymes and chemicals, separation of fragments. Manual and modern methods of sequencing and reconstructing the protein sequence. Assignment of disulfide bonds.

Secondary structure: Peptide bond – structure and conformation, Ramachandran plot. Regular secondary structure: K – helix and other types of helices, L – pleated sheet, irregular, turns, loops and triple helical structures. Helix stabilizing and destablizing amino acids. Structure of fibrous proteins: K-keratin, silk fibroin and collagen. Motifs (super secondary structure – triose phosphate isomerase, concanavalin-A and Rossmann fold) and domain structure (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). Secondary structure of insulin, ribonuclease, lysozyme, myoglobin and chymotrypsin.

Tertiary structure: Forces stabilizing tertiary structure of proteins. Protein denaturation and renaturation.

Quaternary structure and symmetry: Structure and function of myoglobin and hemoglobin. Cooperative mechanism of oxygen binding to hemoglobin. Abnormal hemoglobin– sickle-cell hemoglobin.

20 hrs

Protein folding pathways: Protein dynamics – kinetics of protein folding and disulfide bond formation, molecular chaperones and protein disulfide isomerase. Prediction of secondary and tertiary protein structure. Disease related to protein folding – Alzheimer’s and mad cow disease.

3 hrs

Nucleic Acids: Structure and properties of Nucleosides and Nucleotides. Structure of nucleic acids– primary, secondary and tertiary structure of DNA. Isolation, fractionation and characterization of nucleic acids. Properties of nucleic acids in solution. Secondary structure of tRNA and role of secondary structure in mRNA stability. Chemical synthesis of oligonucleotides (phosphate and phosphite method). Nucleic acid sequencing – Maxam and Gilbert and Sangers method. Rapid sequencing methods and new generation DNA sequencers.

12 hrs

References

1. Lehninger- Principles of Biochemistry; DL Nelson and MM Cox [Eds), 6th Edn.

Macmillan Publications (2012).

2. Biochemistry VI Edition; Jeremy M Berg, John L Toymoczko and Lubert Stryer, W H

Freeman and Co. (2006).

3. Physical Biology of the Cell, 2nd Edn. Rob Phillips, Jane Kondev, Julie Theriot,

Hernan Garcia, Garland Publishers (2012).

4. Biochemistry; Voet, D. and Voet, J.G. [Eds.] 3rd Ed. Jhon Wiley and sons, (1999).

5. Biochemistry; David Rawn, J, Neil Patterson Publishers (1989).

6. Complex Carbohydrates, Sharon, N. Addison Wisely, (1975).

7. Methods of Enzymatic Analysis; Berg Meyer Vol. 1-X, (1974).

8. Nucleic acid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mainwaring et al., Blackwell

Scientific (1982).

9. Principles of Biochemistry; Smith et al., McGarw Hill (1986).

10. Proteins Structures and Molecular Properties 2nd Edn. Thomas E. Creighton, W H

Freeman and Co. (1993).

11. Principles of Protein Structure, Function, & evolution, Dickerson & Geis 2nd Ed.

Benjamin-Cummings (1983).

12. Biochemistry Ed. Donald Voet & Judith G. Voet, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.(2010).

13. Practical Biostatistics; Mendel Suchmacher and Mauro Geller, Academic Press (2012).

ACST1.73 : ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

Chapter 1 ( 10 P )
Introduction
Concept and scope of environmental chemistry –nomenclature –environmental segments –The natural cycles of the environment -the hydrological cycle –the oxygen cycle –the nitrogen cycle –the phosphate cycle .
Chapter 2 ( 10 P )
Air Pollution
Environmental segments –Atmospheric structure – Green house effect –Ozone depletion. Classification of air –Pollutants – CO , NOx ,SO_X , Hydrocarbons, Particulates –Acid rain –Effect of Air Pollution control (General)
Chapter 3 ( 10 P )
Water Pollution
Classification of water pollutants –Characterisation –Dissolved Oxygen –BOD-COD- Waste water treatment (General). Disposal of radioactive wastes. Pollution due to some typical industries like Textile ,Pulp and Paper ,Electroplating, Dairy ,Cane sugar
Chapter 4 ( 5 P )
Noise Pollution
Human acoustics –sound and its general features –noise and its measurement –noise classification pollution hazards .

Text Books

1. 
   Environmental chemistry by A.K.De
   
2. 
   A text book of Engineering chemistry by S.S.Dara
   
3. 
   A text book of Industrial chemistry by B.K.Sharma
   

ACHP1.4 : INORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL

Synthesis

Preparation of inorganic complex compounds and their characterization

Some suggested complex compounds
(1) VO(acac)2

(2) TiO(C9H8NO)2.2H2O

(3) cis-K[Cr(C2O4)2(H2O)2]

(4) Na[Cr(NH3)2(SCN)4]

(5) Mn(acac)3

(6) K3[Fe(C2O4)3]

(7) [Co(NH3)6][Co(NO2)6]

(8) cis-[Co(trien)(NO2)2]CI.H2O

(9) Hg[Co(SCN)4]

(10) [Co(Py)2CI2]

(11) [Ni(NH3)6]CI2

(12) Ni(dmg)2

(13) [Cu(NH3)4]SO4.H2O
References:

1.Vogel's Textbook of Quantitative Analysis, revised, J. Bassett, R. C. Denney, G. H.

Jeffery and J. Mendham,ELBS
2. Synthesis and Characterization of Inorganic Compounds, W. L. Jolly, Prentice Hall


ACHP1.5 : ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL

Synthesis of Organic compounds
Synthesis, purification and characterization of about ten organic compounds involving one or two Stages.
List of some suggested compounds
1.β-Napthyl methyl methyl ether from β-Napthol

2.m-dinitrobenzene from Nitrobenzene

3.Azodye from aniline

4.Benzoic acid from ethyl benzoate

5.Benzanilide from aniline

6.P-nitroanilene from Acetanilide

7.P-Bromo acetanilide from aniline

8.Phthalimide from phthalic acid

9.1,2,3-Tribromo benzene from aniline

10. Banzanilde from Benzophenone

TEXT BOOKS
1 A text book of practial Organic chemistry by A.I. Vogel, ELBS and Longman

group.
2.Practical Organic chemistry by Mann and Saunders, ELBS and Longman

group

ACHP1.6 : PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL


List of Experiments:

1Critical Solution temperature of phenol-water system; effect of Electrolyte.

2.Equilibrium constant of KI +I₂-------KI₃.
3.Hydrolysis of an ester – A Kinetic study.
4.Dimerisation constant of benzoic acid by the distribution method (Benzene –water

system )
5.Inversion of Surcrose –Akinetic study.

6.Conductometric titration of mixture of weak and strong acid with sodium hydroxide.
7.Determination of solubility product of a sparingly soluble salt by conductometric method.

TEXT BOOKS
1.Practical Physical Chemistry by Alexander .

2.Vogel's Textbook of Quantitative Analysis, revised, J. Bassett, R. C. Denney, G. H.

Jeffery and J. Mendham,ELBS