Blue Green Solutions
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- Multifunctional roof plots on the Eastside building at Imperial College London. Cumulative rainfall (in black) and runoff for the roof plots during the year 2015
- 6. Outlook 44 45 Blue Green Solutions Guide
40 41 Blue Green Solutions Guide Case study 6: Imperial College London Monitoring and modelling of the operational performance of BG solutions at the level of an individual building. Background BG Systems Approach Main Outcomes Monitoring and modelling the performance of BG solutions is crucial to: 1) quantify the difference between their actual and potential (design) performance; and 2) optimise their design to maximise their benefits. At Imperial College London, a living lab (Figure 25) has been established, focussed around three multifunctional green roof plots, for measuring and modelling the water-energy interactions outlined in Chapter 4. The data collected was used to create new, or improve existing water and energy balance models, for describing the interaction of the multifunctional roof with its environment. Precipitation, runoff and temperature data were used to assess/model benefits of green roof plots. These benefits comprise reduction of flood risk due to delayed, reduced peak storm water runoff and cooling due to transpiration by plants and related evaporative processes. In addition to analysing observed data, the evaporative cooling of roof plots was investigated using simulation tools of varying complexity: 1) the Improved water balance (hydrologic) model 37 ; 2) an Urban Energy Balance model 38 ; and 3) Large Eddy Simulation (LES) 39 . Furthermore, the monitoring results are currently used for development and testing of a Blue Green module for a Building Information Management (BIM) software system 40 Water retention capacity was assessed for the three experimental green roof plots, of which two are extensive (A – 70/25mm and B – 70/32mm substrate/drainage layer depths, respectively) and one is intensive (C – 150/45 mm substrate/ drainage layer depth). Observed data showed that for the London climate, rainwater retention is high (>45 per cent of incoming rainfall captured), with intensive green roofs retaining as much as 82 per cent of rainwater. In addition, the high temporal resolution of the logged data (i.e. measurements are recorded at frequent intervals over each hour of operation) enables the modelling of multifunctional roof dynamics, which is important for analysis of flood management processes. The simulations of the evaporative cooling effect of the green roofs using the Urban Energy Balance model 41
surfaces in summer is considerable. Vegetated surfaces are 10°C colder than a conventional roof on a daily mean, and up to 30°C colder during the hottest hours. The heat transfer through green roof is thus reduced considerably compared to a conventional roof, leading to substantial energy savings due to reduced demand for air conditioning and ventilation. The roof is equipped with instruments to measure weather conditions rainfall water quality runoff soil moisture and soil and roof temperature Multifunctional roof plots on the Eastside building at Imperial College London. Cumulative rainfall (in black) and runoff for the roof plots during the year 2015 24 25 1 2 5 6 3 4 1 2 3 4 6 5 .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................
42 43 Blue Green Solutions Guide Bridging the Information Gap: the BG Team Blue-Green (BG) Solutions, if planned and implemented in sympathy with their surroundings, are transformative for the resilience, resource efficiency and quality of life of the host city and its overall sustainability. In this guide we have presented the innovative, BG Systems planning framework for systematically integrating BG Solutions with the cityscape to maximise both their benefits and their cost-effectiveness. Our case studies illustrate the added value that the BG systems approach brings to different urban contexts. Key conclusions are: The systematic incorporation of BG solutions into urban plans yields substantial reductions in life-cycle costs (case studies 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Through mapping and unlocking potential synergies with the local built environment, the BG Systems approach ensures that BG Solutions provide cost effective, sustainable enhancements to quality of life and resilience to extreme weather events (case studies 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). The added value of the BG Systems approach is fully realised through looking beyond the principal purpose of BG Solutions installations to embrace their wider (co-) benefits – e.g. wellbeing improvement (case study 2). Stakeholder consultation and engagement is crucial to maximising effectiveness of BG Solutions (case studies 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Continuous monitoring of installed BG Solutions is playing a crucial role in building an evidence-base for the effectiveness of their ecosystem service derived benefits (case study 6). The BG Systems approach primarily realises the potential of BG Solutions via its reconceptualization of the planning and design process. BG Solutions are inherently cross- sectorial. To optimise their benefits, it is therefore necessary to conduct an extensive, systems-level analysis at the pre-design stage. This analysis presents two challenges: firstly, there needs to be a driver/incentive for carrying it out and secondly, assigning responsibility for this task. The driver for this pre-design analysis is saving costs, improving sustainability and boosting resilience. The analysis itself involves full life- cycle analyses of the design/planning options. As described on page 24, the Goal Driven Planning Matrix (GDPM) has been developed to aid this process. However, to deliver maximum benefits, client and stakeholder requirements both need to be mapped and aligned. This is a radical component of the BG Systems approach, termed the BG Design Brief. The key innovation here – apart from the tools described in Chapters 3 and 4 – is the introduction of a new participatory group in the 6. Outlook 44 45 Blue Green Solutions Guide design process: the BG Team. This is a group of experts responsible for leading the pre-design analysis. A key role of theirs is to exploit beneficial interactions between the various disciplines present in the planning team and especially, bridge information gaps within the planning team. Retrofit
Cities are largely undergoing continual expansion and regeneration. The majority of the built environment however - especially in Europe - that will be present in 2050 has already been built. Existing, especially 19-20th century building stock, is typically less energy efficient and resilient than new-build. In order, therefore, to meet stringent carbon emission reduction targets, and protect against climate change, the focus must be on upgrading and enhancing existing building stock. A big need for the BG Systems approach is therefore within the retrofit sector. Legislation for Urban Sustainable Development The most effective means for expediting a BG systems paradigm shift is, without doubt, enhancing and implementing planning standards and legislation that fosters or even mandates resource efficient practices. Possible interventions include: Requiring additional analyses for project approval – e.g. cost dependence analysis (Page 31). Upgrading compliance criteria. National, regional and city building regulations can be revised to tighten minimum compliance criteria relevant to resource efficiency, resilience to extreme weather events and quality of life. Revision/supplementation of certification schemes. This involves introducing performance criteria specific to BG Solutions and stipulating post-construction performance monitoring and approval. Ideally, environmental (BG Systems specific) quality standards should be factored into national and local governments’ key performance indicators for the attainment of international standards and targets such as the Sustainable Development Goals. It is vital also to recognize that the higher the level at which action is taken, the larger the change will be (Figure 7– downward triangle). Hence, for a Blue Green revolution to drive the envisioned reimagining of our cities, policy and law makers operating at national and international levels need to be engaged. The Need for Post-Construction Monitoring Changes in legislation and standard practice require a strong evidence base. The cases presented here and in other guides provide a starting point, but there is a need for extensive evidence collection from full-scale developments that feature BG Solutions at global scale. This data is a potent means of dispelling some of the myths surrounding Blue Green Solutions (e.g. that they are not cost-effective, especially for developers) and aiding the accurate calculation of the benefits and cost-savings that they deliver to all stakeholders. Final Remarks There is a broad and growing consensus that BG solutions have the potential to mitigate many current and future urban pressures. Achieving this potential requires multi-sector, systematic planning and detailed analysis of interactions between all components of a cityscape to identify the most cost-effective, sustainable interventions. The BG Systems approach facilitates this process, across different climates and types of cities. This guide is a call for the joined-up thinking and holistic, rigorous analyses pioneered by the BG Systems approach, to futureproof our cities and deliver an urban environment that is truly liveable.
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