Can (could) va uning ekbibalenti to be able (to) quydagi lessik ma’nolarini anglatadi

TO BE TO.
To be to modal fe’l bo’lib, hozirgi va o`tgan zamonda ishlatiladi.
We are to meet at six.
Biz soat 6 ga uchrashishimiz kerak.
To be to ning quyidagi ma’nolari bor.
a) Kelishilgan ish-harakatning quyidagi gaplarda ifodalaydi.
Who was to speak at the meeting? – Kim majlisda gapirishi kerak edi?
Bu ma’nolarda to be to bo`lishli va so`roq gaplarda o`tgan va hozirgi zamonda keladi.
to be (to) – zaruriyatni, biron ishni qilish majburiyligini, oldindan kelishib qo‘yilganligini ko‘rsatadi.
to be (to) – fe’lidan anglashilgan ish-harakat nutq so‘zlanib turgan paytdan keyin yuzaga chiqadi va shu sababli u modal ma’noda kelasi zamon formasida qo‘llanmaydi.
to be (to) – fe’li ham indikativ, ham shart mayllarida ishlatiladi.
1. My mother said that when I ment Hedgehog I am to drop him into the water and then he will ancoil, and when I meet a Tortoise I am to scoop him of his shell with my paw (R. Kipling)
2. If I were to die I shouldn’t idle here? (Flemming)
Agar biz to be (to) – ni inkor formasida ishlatsak, harakatni bajarishga zaruriyat yo‘qligini yoki so‘zlovchining plantirilgan ishningg yuzaga chiqishiga qarshi ekanligini ifodalaydi.
1. You’re not to go! I object (A. E. Coppard).
No, murmured Lally, you’re not to come with me (A. E. Coppard)
Modal fe’llardan “to be”ga kelsak, u hozirgi ingliz tilida ham modal fe’l vazifasida, ham modal bo‘lmagan, to‘g‘ri fe’l vazifasida ishlatilishi mumkin. Modal fe’li vazifasida faqat hozirgi zamondagina ishlatilib, ko‘pincha ish-harakatni bajarishga zaruriyat yo‘qligini bildiradi. To be modal fe’li so‘roq va bo‘lishsiz gaplardagina ishlatilganligi sababli, o‘zbek tiliga keragi yo‘q, hojati yo‘q, shart emas, kerakmi, shartmi? va shu kabilar yordamida tarjima qilinadi:
1. You to be stand on any such ceremory as that, said Ralph (Tames)
2. She may bring her husband if she likes but she to be bring you (I bid)
3. You need not answer. I can see (P. Abrahams)
4. “Ah” said Isabel, to enjoy that pleasure I needn’t be so terribly emancipated (H. Tames)
To be to‘g‘ri fe’l vazifasida kelganda ikki xil qo‘llaniladi.
A) otlar bilan to‘g‘ri fe’llar kabi hamma zamonda ishlatiladi.
1. I need the money and it’s near home (P. Abrahams)
2. I’ll need somebody to take Mable’s place (I bid)
3. I don’t need the did of a clever man to teach me how to live (H. James)
4. Bringing education to people who need it (P. Abrahams)
5. You will need help Mable (P. Abrahams)
B) boshqa fe’llar bilan ishlatilib, u fe’llar to yuklamasi bilan birga keladi:
I don’t have enough. That’s the perfect extra thing I need to carry
Quyidagi frazalarda to be to ma’nolarini ko`ramiz.
What am I to do? – Nima qilishi kerak.
What is to become of me? – menga nima bo`ladi?
I have received a letter from my sister. – Men opamdan xat oldim.
I spent a lot of money on books – Men kitoblarga ko‘p pul sarfladim.
I am going to tell you something interesting – Men sizga qiziq bir narsa aytmoqchiman
I have come to discuss the matter
– Men masalani muxokama qilgani keldim.
I have to prepare all my things
Hamma narsalarimni tayyorlashim kerak
You ought to discuss that question
Siz o‘sha savolni muxokama qilishingiz kerak.
I have to go home every August
Men har avgustda uyga borishim kerak
He had to put on his raincoat (it was raining hard outside and he would have got wet if he hadn’t)
Ushbe gaplarda o`zi hohlamagan holda majbur bo`lganligini ifodalaydi. Was (were) to+indefinite ish-harakatni kelgusida plan qilinayotganligini, ammo u o`tgan zamonda aytilib sodir bo’lganligini ifodalaydi.
We were to have meet him at the station that means that we failed to meet him.
Biz stansiyada uchrashishsimiz kerak.

XULOSA
Modal fe’llar ingliz tilida fe’l sо‘z turkumi uchun juda boy va yetakchi ma’no kasb etishini biz yuqorida kо‘rib о‘tdik. Shunday ekan, modal fe’llarning ishlatilishini mukammal bilib olish ingliz tilida chiroyli va ma’noli gap, ravon nuqqa ega bо‘lish imkoniyatini bildiradi. Chunki modal fe’llar bilan gap tuzish, muomilaga kirishish juda qulay. Bitta modal fe’llar bilan nutqimizga bir necha ma’no kiritishimiz mumkin, bir necha fikrni bayon etaolishimiz mumkin. Faqat ularni о‘z о‘rnida ishlata olsak, samarali foydalana olish imkoniyatiga ega bо‘lsakgina biz о‘z maqsadimizga erishamiz
О‘zbek tilidagi variantlar bilan modal fe’llarning о‘xshash tomoni qiyoslab о‘rganilsa, bu fe’lni har tomonlama eng murakkab qirralarigacha tushunish uchun qulaylmk yaratadi. Chunki ingliz tili grammatikasi rus tili grammatikasi bilan qiyoslab borilgan adabiyotlardagi ba’zi bir tushuntirishlar о‘zbek tilidagi qoidalarga tо‘g‘ri kelmasligi, ma’nosi jihatdan ham о‘zbek tilidagi kо‘makchi fe’l va ayrim yuklamalarga tо‘g‘ri kelishini yoki shall (should) va will (would) fe’llarining yordamchi fel bо‘lib kelgandagi funksiyasi о‘zbek tilidagi ergash gapli shart qо‘shma gaplarga va shart mayillariga о‘xshashligini taxlil qilishga urindik.
Ushub bitiruv malakaviy ishida ingliz tilida fe’l sо‘z turkumi uchun juda boy va yetakchi ma’no kasb etishini biz yuqorida kо‘rib о‘tdik. Shunday ekan, modal fe’llarning ingliz tilidagi modal fe’llar can, may, must, need va ularning ekvivalentlari har tomonlama о‘rganib chiqildi. Shu modal fe’llar tо‘g‘risida misollar turli adabiyotlardan olib taxlil qilindi.
Shu jumladan ingliz she’riyati, ingliz xalq maqollaridan uchragan modal fe’llar ham kо‘rib chiqildi. Tarjima qilishga harakat qilindi.
Modal fe’llar kо‘rib turganimizdek sо‘zlovchining ish-harkatiga bо‘lgan munosabatini zaruriyat, taqiqlash, e’timollik, istak-hohish, ruxsat yoki rad etish, maslahat, yо‘llanma, kо‘zda tutish, oldindan bashorat, xulosa va boshqalar haqida axborot beradi. Masalan:
He said we must do our share of work.
Boshqa fe’llarda о‘tgan zamonda ifodalash uchun had to dan foydalanamiz. So`roq va bo`lishsiz formasida ko`rib chiqqanimizdek had to boshqa modal fe`llardan mustasno tarzda do yordamchi fe’liga muhtoj bo`ladi.
You don’t have to go now.
О‘xshash va ma’nosi bir-biriga yaqin bо‘lgan modal fe’llarni bir-biridan farqlash, о‘z о‘rniga ishlata bilish, uncha murakkabliklar tо‘g‘dirmaydi. Aksincha esa yanada mustaqil til о‘rganishga imkoniyat yaratadi.