Can (could) va uning ekbibalenti to be able (to) quydagi lessik ma’nolarini anglatadi

Hozirgi zamon

Bo`lishli forma	Bo`lishsiz forma		Bo`lishli forma	Bo`lishsiz forma
	To`liq forma	Qisqargan forma		To`liq forma	Qisqargan forma
I must He must She must It must We must You must They must	I must not He must not She must not It must not We must not You must not They must not	I must n’t He must n’t She must n’t It must n’t We must n’t You must n’t They must n’t	Must I Must he Must she Must it Must we Must you Must they	Must I not Must he Must she not Must it not Must we not Must you not Must they not	Must n’t I Must n’t He Must n’t She Must n’t It Must n’t We Must n’t You Must n’t They

To have (to), to have got (to) va uning ma’nolarini quyidagicha izohlash mumkin. Must modal fe’lining ekvivalenti sifatida qo`llanuvchi to have fe’li infinitiv bilan ishlatilganligi uchun majbur bo`lmoq, bajarishga majbur bo`lib qolmoq kabi ma’nolarni anglatadi. To have to asosan ma’lum bir sharoitga, hodisaga bog`liqlikni anglatish uchun qo`llanadi. Masalan:

1. He had to see her tonight (P. Abrahams)
- U uni (ayolni) bugun kechqurun ko‘rishga majbur bo‘lib qoldi.
2. Why did old Tante have to live on the other side of the farm? (Th. Dreiser)
- Nima uchun qari Tante fermaning narigi chekkasida yashashga majbur bo‘lgan ekan?
3. I just have to go to Smith’s (P. Abrahams)
- Men Smitlarnikiga borishim kerak.
To have to har uchchala zamonda ham ishlatilishi mumkin.
A) Hozirgi zamonda:
1. But I have to think of you (A. E. Coppart)
2. I have to be in London for some days (G. K. Chaesterton)
B) o‘tgan zamonda
1. Stern had to walk through using a porket flash – light and not really sure whether he was on some one’s property. (B. J. Freidman)
2. She had to be bend and strain at it in order to pull it out (A. Huxley).
S) kelasi zamonda:
1. I think I shall have to go (A. E. Coppart)
2. It’s only our secrets price, Mummy clear, and we’ll tell you all about it the very minute it’s done: but please don’t ask me what it is now, or else, I’ll have to tell. (R. Kipling)
To have (to) shart maylida ham ishlatilishi mumkin:
1. One day in early summer it seemed, miraculously, that Stern would not have to sell his house and move away (B. J. Freidman)
2. She would to go home, that was all (Th. Dreiser)
To have (to) o‘rnida to have got (to) ham ishlatilishi mumkin:
You’ve got to have friends he screamed at her (B. J. Freidman)
To have (to) fe’lining o‘tgan va hozirgi zamondagi so‘roq va bo‘lishsiz formalari ko‘makchi fe’li yordamida yasaladi. Kelasi zamon so‘roq va bo‘lishsiz formalari esa inkor yuklamasi ishtirokida yasaladi.
Does he have to go right now?
He does not have to go right now.
She will not have to come so early tomorrow
to be (to) – zaruriyatni, biron ishni qilish majburiyligini, oldindan kelishib qo‘yilganligini ko‘rsatadi.
to be (to) – fe’lidan anglashilgan ish-harakat nutq so‘zlanib turgan paytdan keyin yuzaga chiqadi va shu sababli u modal ma’noda kelasi zamon formasida qo‘llanmaydi.
to be (to) – fe’li ham indikativ, ham shart mayllarida ishlatiladi.
1. My mother said that when I ment Hedgehog I am to drop him into the water and then he will ancoil, and when I meet a Tortoise I am to scoop him of his shell with my paw (R. Kipling)
2. If I were to die I shouldn’t idle here? (Flemming)
Agar biz to be (to) – ni inkor formasida ishlatsak, harakatni bajarishga zaruriyat yo‘qligini yoki so‘zlovchining plantirilgan ishningg yuzaga chiqishiga qarshi ekanligini ifodalaydi.
1. You’re not to go! I object (A. E. Coppard).
No, murmured Lally, you’re not to come with me (A. E. Coppard)
Modal fe’llardan “need”ga kelsak, u hozirgi ingliz tilida ham modal fe’l vazifasida, ham modal bo‘lmagan, to‘g‘ri fe’l vazifasida ishlatilishi mumkin. Modal fe’li vazifasida faqat hozirgi zamondagina ishlatilib, ko‘pincha ish-harakatni bajarishga zaruriyat yo‘qligini bildiradi. Need modal fe’li so‘roq va bo‘lishsiz gaplardagina ishlatilganligi sababli, o‘zbek tiliga keragi yo‘q, hojati yo‘q, shart emas, kerakmi, shartmi? va shu kabilar yordamida tarjima qilinadi:
1. You needn’t stand on any such ceremory as that, said Ralph (Tames)
2. She may bring her husband if she likes but she needn’t bring you (I bid)
3. You need not answer. I can see (P. Abrahams)
4. “Ah” said Isabel, to enjoy that pleasure I needn’t be so terribly emancipated (H. Tames)
Need to‘g‘ri fe’l vazifasida kelganda ikki xil qo‘llaniladi.
A) otlar bilan to‘g‘ri fe’llar kabi hamma zamonda ishlatiladi.
1. I need the money and it’s near home (P. Abrahams)
2. I’ll need somebody to take Mable’s place (I bid)
3. I don’t need the did of a clever man to teach me how to live (H. James)
4. Bringing education to people who need it (P. Abrahams)
5. You will need help Mable (P. Abrahams)
B) boshqa fe’llar bilan ishlatilib, u fe’llar to yuklamasi bilan birga keladi:
I don’t have enough. That’s the perfect extra thing I need to carry (B. J. Freidman)
Need ot vazifasida ham kelishi mumkin:
1. But one has no need of a reason for that (H. Tames)
2. There was no need for words (P. Abrahams)