Can (could) va uning ekbibalenti to be able (to) quydagi lessik ma’nolarini anglatadi

1.2.§. MODAL FE’LLARNING ASOSIY GRAMMATIK TAVSIFI.

Modal fe’llarning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari quyidagilar:

1. Modal fe’llar faqat infenitiv formasidagi fe’llar bilan ishlatiladi. Modal fe’li bilan ishlatiladigan infinitiv har xil bo‘lishi mumkin.
A) perfekt emas infiniti:
Well you can go out to the flat then, that’s all right (Th Dreiser)
Go you may say he’s in Government wen before he’s in the house
(I. K. Chesterson)
But you might keep chickens.
b) perfekt infinitiv:
but he must have worked his way through his fortune also with marvelous rapidity (I. R. Chesterton).
You ought to have seen the tie he had on (th Drieser)
c) davomli aspektdagi perfekt infinitiv:
the book in his eyes might well have been disquieting to any one left alone with him on an island in the middle of a lake
d) davomli aspektdagi perfekt emas infinitiv:
she oughtn’t to be thinking about spending her money on theat ries already, do you think? He nodded (Th. Drieser)
e) passiv nisbatdagi infinitiv:
All this must be changed.
It must not be thought that one could have mistaken her for a nervaus sensitive, high strung nature, cast unduly upon a cold calculating, and unpoetic world (Th. Drieser)
f) passiv nisbatdagi perfekt infinitiv:
it might have seen son sidered beautiful at one time
2. Modal fe’llardan keyin asosiy fe’l to yuklamasisiz ishlatiladi, ya’ni ular hamisha predikativ formada bo‘ladi. Ammo modal fe’llarining ekvivalenti bundan mustasnodir.
He come to read – he can read
3. Uchinchi shaxs birlikda shaxs qo‘shimchasi s ishlatilmaydi.
You must go out in the fresh air all you can. You can get a nice room here and some clothes and then you can do something (Th. Driers)
4. Modal fe’llarning ayrimlari ikkita zamon formasida (can-could, may-might, will-would, dare-dared, shall-should) ayrimlari faqat bitta o‘zgarmas formada (must, ought, need) keladi.
1. Clyde could scarcely prevent her voice from trembling (Th. Driers)
2. “Perhaps” she thought “they may want some one” (Th. Driers)
3. Between ourselves, I might say fled the country
4. Then we can go. We will go to the house first and look over these
weapons of which you speak (Galsworthy).
5. O she would go mad then
6. We daren’t touch what you propose with a barge pole
(I. K. Chesterson)
7. They must be bad minded and hearted she imagined (Th. Driers)
8. A man like you ought to have a little place of his own
(I. K. Chesterton)
9. Legs are legs, and you needn’t alter them so far as I am concerned
10. Musgrave shall have it to Musgrave till the heavens fall
(L. K. Chesterton)
11. You shouldn’t you know, grambled Pepton
5. Modal fe’llardan sifatdosh (participle) formalarini yasab bo‘lmaydi.
6. Suffiks yoki preflikslar yordamida modal fe’llardan yangi so‘zlar yasalmaydi, chunki modal fe’llarning o‘zlari so‘z yasashi usuli yordamida boshqa so‘zlardan yasalgan emas.
Can, may, must modal fe’llari anglatgan ma’noni to have, to have got, to be obliged, to be yordamida ham berish mumkin
Bu infinitiv folmalar modal fe’llarning o‘ziga xos sinonimlari bo‘lib, ularni modal fe’llariningekvivalenti deb yuritiladi. Can modal fe’li anglatadigan ma’noni ayrim hollarda to be able yordamida ham berish mumkin
May modal fe’lining esa, to be allowed (to) kabi ekvivalenti bor.
Modal fe’llarning ekvivalentlari hamma vaqt ham modal fe’llarning o‘rnini bosavermaydi. Bu ekvivalent fe’llargrammatik kategoriyalarning deyarli hammasida qo‘llanilsa-da, leksik va stilistik jihatdan ko‘p hollarda chegaralangan bo‘ladi.
Modal fe’llar doiom infinitiv shaklidagiasosiy fe’l bilan birga ishlatilib asosiy fe’llarga modallik ma’nosini qo‘shadi va qo‘shma fe’l kesimining tarkibiy qismi bo‘lib keladi, ish-harkatga munosabatni bildiradi. YA’ni infinitiv tomonidan ifodalngan ish-harkat yoki holatga so‘zlovchining munosabatini ko‘rsatadi. Modal fe’llar gapda maxsus ma’no va funksiya bilan harakterlanadi.
Modal fe’llar o‘ziga xos grammatik va leksik – semantik funksiyani bajaradi. Modal fe’llar to‘liqsiz fe’l hisoblanadi. Chunki ularda hech qanday ayrim shakllar yo‘q. Masalan, infinitiv sifatida sifatdosh yoki gerundiy shular bilan birga kelasi zamon, perfekt formalar uchramaydi. Ingliz tilida modallik uch asosiy vosita bilan ifodalanadi¹⁰.
1. Fe’l mayillari bilan (mood)
2. Modal fe’llar bilan (modal verbs)
3. Modal (kirish) so‘zlar bilan (modal parenthetical words)
Shular ichida modal fe’llar o‘ziga xos axamiyat kasb etib, quyidagicha hususiyatlarni namoyon qiladi:
1. Modal fe’llar faqat infinitiv shakldagi fe’llar bilan ishlatiladi. Modal fe’llar bilan ishlatiladigan infinitiv har xil bo‘lishi mumkin.
2. Modal fe’llardan keyin kelgan infinitiv to yuklamasisiz ishlatiladi, ya’ni ular hamisha predikativ formada bo‘ladi¹¹.
Ammo modal fe’llarning ayrim ekvivalentlari bundan mustasnodir.
1. He can go with you
U siz bilan boradi.
2. I must prepare all my things
Hamma narsalarimni tayyorlashim kerak
Ammo ought to yuklamasi bilan ishlatiladi.
3. You ought to discuss that question
Siz o‘sha savolni muxokama qilishingiz kerak.
4. I have to go home every August
Men har avgustda uyga borishim kerak