Can (could) va uning ekbibalenti to be able (to) quydagi lessik ma’nolarini anglatadi

3 shaxs birlikda shaxs qo‘shimchasi S – ishlatilmaydi.
1. You must Translate this text all you can.
Qo‘lingdan kelganicha bu tekstni tarjima qilishing zarur.
2. He may go now
U hozir ketishi mumkin.


1.3§. MODAL FE’LLARNING GAPDA IFODALANISH USULLARI

Modal fe’llarning ayrimlari ikkita zamon formasida, ayrimlari esa faqat bitta zamon formasida ishlatiladi.

Can modal fe’li (f) va uning ekvivalenti to be able (to)
Can modal fe’li faqat ikki zamonda qo‘llanilishi mumkin bo‘lganligi uchun u hozirgi zamonda can, o‘tgan zamonda could formalariga egadir.
Can fe’li inkor formada ishlatilganda, unga not yuklamasi qo‘shiladi: can-cannot.
Can modal fe’lining o‘tgan zamon formasi bo‘lgan could ga not yuklamasi qo‘shilmasdan yoziladi. could-could not


So‘roq bo‘lmagan forma

Hozirgi zamon			O‘tgan zamon
Bo‘lishli forma	Bo‘lishsiz forma		Bo‘lishli forma	Bo‘lishsiz forma
I can He can She can It can We can You can They can	I cannot He cannot She cannot It cannot We cannot You cannot They cannot	I can’t He can’t She can’t It can’t We can’t You can’t They can’t	I could He could She could It could We could You could They could	I could not He could not She could not It could not We could not You could not They could not	I couldn’t He couldn’t She couldn’t It couldn’t We couldn’t You couldn’t They couldn’t

So`roq forma.

Hozirgi zamon			O‘tgan zamon
Bo‘lishli forma	Bo‘lishsiz forma		Bo‘lishli forma	Bo‘lishsiz forma
Can I Can He Can She Can It Can We Can You Can They	Cannot I Cannot He Cannot She Cannot It Cannot We Cannot You Cannot They	Can’t I Can’t He Can’t She Can’t It Can’t We Can’t You Can’t They	Could I Could He Could She Could It Could We Could You Could They	Could I not Could He not Could She not Could It not Could We not Could You not Could They not	Couldn’t I Couldn’t He Couldn’t She Couldn’t It Couldn’t We Couldn’t You Couldn’t They

Can va could modal fe’llarining ekvivalenti bo‘lgan to be able (to) ishlftilishigf ko‘ra ma’lum zamon yoki grammatik kategoriya bilan chegaralanmagan. To be able (to) ning inkor formasi ham not yuklamasi yordamida yasaladi.

He is able to do it – he is not able to do it
Undan tashqari inkor ma’noni anglatuvchi un – prefeksini predikativ qism able gav qo‘shish bilan ham ifodalash mumkin.
Masalan:
He is not able to do it
He is unable to do it and this
I was unable to explain (R. Stevenson)
Can (could) va uning ekvivalenti to be able (to) quyidagi leksik ma’nolarini anglatadi.

1. 
   jismoniy qobilyatni, ya’ni biror harakatni bajarishni qo’ldan kelish- kelmaslikni, kuch etish va etmaslikni:
   

He could look into the nostrils of the other man, the eyes he could scarcely see. She could see that the street door looking out, she ventured to walk out a little way. (Th. Drieser).
“I Won’t be able to pull you up”, the boy Said. ( Aldridge).
You will be able to work now for three days without eating because you can live on you humph (R Kipling).They could scarcely restrain her tears.(The Dreiser).

2. 
   biror ishni bajarish uchun kerak bo’lgan aqliy qobilyatni: (Bu guruhga harid qila olish va qila olmaslikqobiyatini ham kiritiladi):
   

1. They couldn’t know that the responsibility of such a postment that the subaltern got hardly any sleep at all (R. Aldington).
2. She could think of no way of explaining (Th Drliser).
3. I can’t understand it is sickening monstaaus! (A. Hixley).
4. Carrie saw the drift but could not express her thoughts (Th Dreiser).
C) biror ishni bajarish imkoniyatga ega bo’lish yoki ega bo’lmaslikni, ishonishni va ishonmaslikni
1. “He could go along”, said Carrie (Dreiser)
2. No d.m afraid I can’t help you (I. K. Chesterton)
3. I can’t understand it I was all right for a while, but nw I’m afraid of him all over again (B. J. Freidman)
4. Look here this is confidential, as I say, but I can confide in you (I. K. Chesterton)
5. Sir Harland Fisher could believe that he had ever been called Harry
D) Ruxsat, ijozat – ta’qiq, yo‘l qo‘yish yoki man qilish, buyruq va shunga o‘xshash ma’nolarni
1. I can’t go about naked can I?
2. What can I go for you? (I. K. Chesterton)
3. Can you give me something to do? – said Carrie (Dreiser)
4. You can get yourself a nice room by yourself I won’t hurt you (Dreiser)
5. You can get a nice room here and some clothes and then you can do something (I bid)
6. No, no I can’t have that my dear (A. E. Coppard that my dear ()om here and some clothes and then you can do something ())
E) faraz qilish, ishonish va ishonmaslikni (bu yerda modal fe’lning ma’nosi birga kelayotgan so‘zlarga ham bog‘liq)
1. I guess we can’t use you (Dreiser)
2. I’ve so many misfortunes I suppose I can bear this too (A. E. Coppard)
3. Can he be there? (Kipling)
4. He can’t have gone? (Bennet)
F) taajub, xayrat va shu kabilarni:
1. Why couldn’t he speak? (I. K. Chesterton)
2. How could you be so stupid, Sophie (A. Huxley)
J) ish-harakatning yuzaga chiqqani yoki chiqmaganligi, chiqishi gumon ekanligini:
1. “If I could only get something to do”, she said (Dreiser)
2. If one could only spend a whole day in bed in a huge bed, feathery, warm and soft, all the day long (A. Huxley)
H) can (could) not help noaniq formadagi fe’l yordamida biror ish-harakatning yuzaga chiqishini hohlanmasa-da, baribir ro‘y berganligini bildirishi mumkin.
1. I couldn’t help smiling
2. She could not help smiling as he told her some popular actress (Dreiser)
3. She could not help feeling pleased as she looked at herself
4. She could not help but choked for breath a little sick as her heart beat so fast
i) Can (could)+see (yoki understand, think etc) to‘ldiruvchi ergash gaplarning boshlab beruvchi fuknsiyasini bajarib kelimb, o‘zbek tiliga ko‘rish mumkin (edi), - deb o‘ylash, tushunish mumkin (edi) va boshqa shunga o‘xshash iboralar yordamida tarjima qilinadi. Ma’nosiga ko‘ra bu konstruksiya xulosaga kelganlikni, tushunganlikni anglatadi.
1. One could see that the furniture was of that poor, hurriedly quality sold by the instalment houses (Th. Dreiser)
2. He could see the flash of big guns followed long after by a solemn deep boom (R. Aldington)
3. But I’m damned if I can see why we should lie for those cosmopolitan cads who only help themselves (G. K. Chesterton)
Shuni ko‘rsatib o‘tish shartki, see konkret leksik ma’nosini saqlab qolishi ham mumkin. Masalan:
From the pavement below she could see that their room was lit (A. E. Coppard)
Bu modal fe’l ham faqat ikki zamon formasida qo‘llanilib, uning hozirgi zamondagi formasi may o‘tgan zamon formasi might dir. Kelasi zamon va boshqa kategoriyal formalarda may fe’lning ekvivalenti to be allowed (to) ishlatiladi:
1. The patient is allowed to walk - Kasalga yurishga ruxsat berilgan
2. The patient was allowed to walk - Kasalga yurishga ruxsat berilgan edi
3. The patient will be allowed to walk in a week - Kasalga bir xaftadan so‘ng yurishga ruxsat beriladi.
May (might) va uning ekvivalenti to be allowed (to) ning so‘roq bo‘lmagan va so`roq formalari quyidagicha bo‘ladi.