Can (could) va uning ekbibalenti to be able (to) quydagi lessik ma’nolarini anglatadi

II – BOB. INGLIZ TILIDA MODAL FE`LLAR VA ULARNING EKVIVALENTLARI
2.1§. MODAL FE’LLARNING HUSUSIYATLARI
Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida modal fe’llar juda ko‘p uchraydi va qo‘llanadi. Ingliz tilida asosan quyidagi modal fe’llar bor: must, can, ought, may, should, need, dare, would. Bundan tashqari must ning ekvivalenti to have to va to be to lar ham bor. Gapda modal fe’llar mustaqil fe’llar bilan birga kelib, qo‘shma fe’l kesim yoki modal fe’l ot – kesim bo‘lib keladi.
Modal fe’llarning quyidagi xususiyatlari bor:
1. Modal fe’llardan keyin infinitiv “to” yuklamasisiz ishlatiladi.
2. Ularning so‘roq va negativ formalari “do” yordamchi fe’lisiz qo‘llaniladi.
3. Ko‘p modal fe’llarning bittadan ortiq ham ma’nosi bo‘lishi mumkin, bunday hoda gapning ma’nosiga qarab modal fe’llar tarjima qilinadi va qo‘llaniladi.
4. ba’zi modal fe’llar gapning har xil turlari uchun ham qo‘llanilishi mumkin va ba’zi modal fe’llar esa faqat so‘roq gaplarda yoki faqat bo‘lishsiz gaplarda qo‘lanladigan xollar ham uchrab turadi.
5. modal fe’llar o‘zlaridan keyin fe’lning xar xil formalarini qabul qiladilar va har xil vazifalarni bajaradilar. Simple va perfect (ham aktiv ham passiv) continious va perfect continious formalarida qo‘llaniladi.
6. Ayrim modal fe’llarning bir nechta ekvivalentlari bor. Masalan:
Must – to have to, to be to
Can – to be able to
May – to be allowed, no be to, permitted, to
Ingliz tilidagi modal fe’llar ya’ni can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, need, ought to, dare lar na ish-harakat, na holatni ifodalaydi va faqat so‘zlovchining biror ish-harakattiga bo‘lgani haqida ya’ni, zaruriyat ta’qiqilanganlik, ehtimollik, istak-hohish, ruxsat yoki rad etish, ishonch, maslahat, yo‘llanma, ko‘zda tutish, so‘z berish, oldindan, bashorat, xulosa va boshqalar haqida xabar beradi.
1. I may go to Odessa for my holidays (A. Sulaymonov)¹²
Men ta’tilim davomida Odessaga borishim mumkin.
Ushbu gap o‘zbek tilida tarjima qilinganda ehtimollik ma’nosini bildiradi.
2. His name is Smith, so he must be English.
Uning ismi Smit. Shunday ekan u ingliz bo‘lishi kerak. Bu gapda xulosani bildiradi.
3. You must (bought to) see the film.
Siz filmni ko‘rishingiz kerak. (maslahat)
4. If you want to know the English you must learn English language
- Agar siz ingliz tilini bilishni xoxlasangiz, siz ingliz tilini o‘rganishingiz kerak. (zarur) (V. C. Muller¹³)
5. You may (can) go home as soon as you have finished you work (B.A.Ilyish)
Siz ishingiz tugashi bilanoq uyga kelishingiz mumkin.
6. He will smoke, through his doctor says he shouldn’t (G`.Abdurahmonov)
Uning doktori ta’kidlasa ham u sigaret chekyapti
7. Ye can climb to the top of the tallest three. (I. M. Gordan)
U eng baland daraxtning tepasiga chiqa oldi. (jismoniy qobiliyatni ifodalaydi.)
8. Pease must some day or after. (G.A.V¹⁴)
Oldindan aytish.
9. He can do it
U buni qila oladi.
II. Modal fe’llarning boshqa formalari yo‘q, ular hech qanday qo‘shimcha olmaydi. Ular so‘roq va bo‘lishsiz formasini yasash uchun yordamchi fe’llarga muxtoj bo‘lmaydi. Modal fe’llar o‘zidan keyin “to” yuklamasini olmaydi. Faqat (ought to) bundan mustasno.
- Can you make a cherry pie? (A. Sulaymonov)
Siz gilosli pirog pishira olasizmi?

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  You must not crask a nut with you teeth (I. M. Gordan)
  
• 
  Siz yong‘oqni tishingiz bilan chaqmasligingiz kerak.
  

Might it the postman (Kaushanskaya)
Xat tashuvchi buni qilardi.
III. Modal fe’llarning ekvivalentlari va o‘tgan zamon shakllari ham uchrab turadi.
1. I can get to the top. (E. E. Izrailovich)
Men cho‘qqiga chiqa olaman
2. I could get to the top. (E. E. Izrailovich¹⁵)
Men tepaga chiqa olardim.
3. She can (could) have done it. You ought to have be haved (K. N. Kachalova)
IV. Modal fe’llar could, should, would, might – hohish – istakni amalga oshmaydigan orzuni ifodalash uchun ham qo‘llanadi. Fgar bunday ma’nolarni ifodalanganda bu modal fe’llarni can, shall, will, may kabilarning o‘tgan zamon formasi deb hisoblash mumkin. Bunday hollarda ular mustaqil fe’llar hisoblanadi. Masalan:
4.If I were a bear, I shouldn’t much care.
Agar ayiq bo‘lganida menga ko‘p g‘amho‘rlik kerak bo‘lmasdi. (I. M. Gordon)
5. If I could have any wish that could be (A. Sulaymonov)
Agar niyatim bo‘lganda edi, amalga oshgan bo‘lar edi.
If I were a rocker, I wonder what I’d do (Krilova)
Agar men yulduz bo‘lganimda edi, hayron qoldirar edim.
I. Modal fe’llar xushmuomilalik bilan qilingan munosabatlarda ham, iltimosda ham qo‘llanadi.
Would you mind carrying me? (A.G.S)
Meni ko‘tarishga rozimisiz?
Would you carry me, if you could? (A.G.S)
Could youcarry me? If you would (A.G.S)
If you would/could you carry me?
I’d be good. (U. Muller?)
Modal fe’llar would, could o‘zining mustaqil ma’nolarini yo‘qotib ko‘chma ma’noda ya’ni, bu gaplar iltimos degan ma’noda ishlatiladilar, chunki ko‘p so‘roq gaplarda ular iltimosni bildiradilar. Ma’nosida dasturlarga nisbatan, oilaga, a’zolarga nisbatan (lekin o‘zidan yoshi kattalarga emas) might, will, wan’t modal fe’llari iltimos ma’nosida qo‘llaniladi. Masalan:
1. Won’t you walk a little fater? (Vehhman)
Ozgina tezroq yura olmaysizmi?
2. You might walk a little faster?
Siz ozgina tezroq yurishingi mumkin edi.
3. Walk a little faster will you?
Ozgina tezroq yurmaysizmi,
Biz hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida can fe’lining ekvivalenti be able to ni kо‘p uchratamiz.
Be able to can modal fe’lining о‘rnida qо‘llanib turadi, ammo can kо‘p qо‘llanladi.
- Are you able to speak any foreign languages?
Ammo gap modal fe’lining faqat 2 ta formasi ya’ni can (hozirgi zamon) va could (о‘tgan zamon) formalari bir. Ba’zida esa biz be able to ni ishlatishimizga tо‘g‘ri keladi.
- I haven’t been able to come sleep recently. (Can present perfect emas.)
- Tom might not be able to come tomorrow (can das no indefinite)
О‘tgan zamonda can modal fe’lining could bf’zida esa was/were be able to dan foydalanamiz. Biz could ni asosan bir-biriga qiyoslagan holda о‘rganib chiqamiz. Lekin modal fe’llarni chuqurroq о‘rganish uchun har bir modal fe’llarni о‘zini alohida tahlil qilamiz.
1. Can, could and be able to
a) we use can (do) to say that some – thing is possible or that someone has the abiling to do something. The negative is can’t. biz can modal fe’lini biror bir narsani bajarishga qurbi yetishi, ya’ni uddasidan chiqish, qila olish kabi ma’nolarni ifodalash uchun ishlatamiz. Uning bо‘lishsiz formasi can’t (cannot)
You can see the sea from our bedroom of our window. – Siz yotog‘imiz derazasidan dengizni kо‘ra olasiz
Can you speak English? – Siz inglizcha gapira olasizmi?
I’m afraid I can’t come to your party to next Friday. – Kelasi juma ziyofatingizga kela olmayman deb qо‘rqaman. Can modavl fe’lining bо‘lishsiz formasi turli xil adabiyotlarda kо‘p uchraydi. Masalan:
- When we into the house, we could small.
- Uy ichkarisiga kirganimizda olov hidini seza olgandik.
- She spoke in a low voice, but I could understand what she was saying
- U past ovozda gapirdi, ammo men u nima deganini tushuna olmadim.
Could ni biz biror bir narsani qila olish qobiliyatiga ega bо‘lgan shaxslar haqida gapirayotganimizda ham ishlataimz
My grandmother could speak five languages.
When Tom was 16, he could run 100 metres in 11 seconds
Tom 16 yoshida, 11 sekundda 100 metr yugura olardi.
Ammo biz agarda biror kishini biror muhim holatdan chiqa olganligi, uni boshqara olganligi haqida aytsak, biz was/were able to ni ishlatishimizga tо‘g‘ri keladi.
- The five spread through the butlovy very quickly but everyone was able to escap.
- Olov binoni juda tez о‘rab olgandi, ammo biz qochishga muvaffaq bо‘la olgandik.
- They didn’t want to come with us at first but in the and we were able to persuade them.
- Ular boshida biz bilan ketishga rozi bо‘lishmagan edi, oxirida esa biz ularni kо‘ndira oldik. (muhim holatdan chiqish)
Could bilan able to ni quyidagi gaplar orqali taqqoslaymiz:
Jack was an excellent tennis player, he could beat anybody. (He had the ability to baet anybody)
But once he had difficult game against all. All player very welt but in the end Jack was able to beat him. (he manaped to beat him in this articular game)
Could bо‘lishsizlik formasi hamma holatlar uchun qо‘llanishi mumkin. – My grandmother couldn’t swim. – Mening buvim suza olmasdi.

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  We rteid hard, but we couldn’t persuade they go come with us. Could (do)could have (done)
  

A) Biz could ni quyidagi ma’nolarda qо‘llaymiz. Ba’zan u can ni о‘tgan zamonini ifoladabhozirgi va kelasi zamonda ma’nosini beradi. Biz could ni ba’zan kelasi zamonda bajarilgan ish-harakatni ifodalab maslahat ma’nolarida kо‘ramiz.
- What shall we do evening? We could go to the cinema.
Ertaga nima qilamiz? Kinoga boramiz
When you go to New York, you could stay with Linda
Qachon Nyu-Yorkka borsangiz Linda bilan qolishingiz mumkin.
Biz could ni kelgusida sodir bо‘ldagina ish-harakatni ifodalash uchun ishlatamiz.
- There could be another vise in the price of petrol soon (It is possible that there will be)
Ba’zan could would be able to ma’nosini ham beradi.
Why doesn’t Tom apply for the job? Nima uchun Tom ish uchun murojaat qilmadi? He could get it
I don’t know how she works 14 hours a day. I couldn’t do it
Men bunday qila olmagan bо‘lar edim.
b) could do о‘tgan shakli could have (done) bо‘lib, biror bir ishni qilishiga sharoit buru lekin uni bajarmaganligi haqidagi fikrni ifodalaydi.
we didn’t go out last night. We could have gone to the cinema but to say at home
Biz о‘tgan tun hech qayerga bormadik. Biz kinoga bora olar edik, ammo uyga qolishga qaror qildik.
why did you stay at a hotel in New York you could have stayed with Linda
Nima uchun Nyu-York mexmonxonasida qolmading, Linda bilan qolsang bо‘lardiku.
Biz could have (done) ni biror narsa sodir bо‘lishi mumkinu, lekin bо‘lmaganini ifodalash uchun ishlatamiz.

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  We was lucky when he fell off the ladder. He couldn’t have hurt himself
  

Biz uni zinadan yiqilib hech narsa bо‘lmaganiga hursand bо‘ldik.
Keling couldn’t have (done) ga misollar ko`raylik.
I couldn’t have (done) something. I couldn’t have been able to do it. If I had wanted or tried to do it.
Men hech narsa qila olmagan edim. Men buni qila olgan bo`lar edim. Agar buni bajarishnin hohlagan yoki harakat qilganimda
When I went to New-York year. I decided not to stay with Linda. Later I found out that she was away while I was there, so I couldn’t have stayed with her anyway
Men Nyu-Yorkda bo`lganimda Linda bilan qolishga qaror qilmagan edim. Keyinroq bildimki men u yerga borganimda u ketib qolgan ekan. Baribir ham u bilan qololmagan bo`lar ekanman.
The football match was cancelled last week Tom couldn’t have played anyway because he was ill.
Futbol musobaqasi о‘tgan xafta о‘tkazildi. Tom о‘ynolmagan edi, chunki kasal edi.
Ann did really will to pass the examination. It was really difficult him sure. I couldn’t have passed it.
Must (have) va can’t (have)
A) Keling quyidagi misollarni о‘rganamiz. Alf is a very good tennis player and not many players beat him. But yesterday he played against Bill and Bill won so:
Olf juda yaxshi tennis о‘yinchisi. Uni hech kim yenga olmaydi. Ammo u kecha Billga qarshi о‘ynadi. Bill uni yutdi.
Bill must be a very good player (othervise he wouldn’t have won)
Bill juda yaxshi о‘yinchi bо‘lsa kerak (bо‘lmasa yengmagan bо‘lardi)
Biz must ni biror narsani haqiqatan ekanligiga ishonishimizni ifodalash uchun ham ishlatamiz.
You’re been travelling all day. You must be treid (I am sure that you are treid)
Siz kunbо‘yi sayohat qilyapsiz. Siz charchagan bо‘lsangiz kerak. (men ishonamanki, siz charchagansiz)
Corol knows a lot of about films. She must go to the cinema a lot. (I am sure she goes to the cinema a lot)
Korol kinolar haqida kо‘proq biladi. U kinoga kо‘p borish kerak. (men ishonaman u kinoga kо‘p boradi.)

S tudy the structur must be treid (hungry)

i /you/he(etc) can’t be studying (writing)
go I do
b) О‘tgan zamonda must have (done) va can’t have (done) ni misollarda kо‘rib chiqamiz.
We went to Ray’s house last night and rang the doorbell. There was no answer. He must have done out (otherwise he would have answered)
U о‘tgan kuni Royning uyishga borgan edi va eshik qо‘ng‘irog‘ini bosgan edi. Javob bо‘lmadi. U chiqib ketgan bо‘lishi kerak.
The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. I must have been asleep
Telefon jiringladi. Ammo men eshitmaganman. Uxlab qolgan bо‘lsam kerak.
She passed me in the street without speaking. She can’t have seen me.
U kо‘chadan menga gapirmasdan о‘tdi. U meni kо‘rmagan bо‘lishi kerak.
Quyidagi strukturani о‘rganamiz.
I /you/he(etc) must been asleep (tired)
have Been looking (writing)
Can’t Gone (done/seen) tired
The doorbell rings. I wonder who that is. It must be Jim. He said he would come after 7 o’clock. And it’s only 6-30 now
Eshik qо‘ng‘irog‘i jiringladi. Men hayronman kim u, u Jim bо‘lishi kerak. U menga soat 7 da kelaman degan edi. Soat endi 6-30
Must (have) va might (have) quyidagi misollarni kо‘rib chiqamiz.
a) You are looking for Jack. Nobody knows for sure where he is but is but you get some suggestions.
Siz Jekni qidiryapsiz. U qayerdaligini hech kim bilmaydi. Ammo siz maslahat olishingiz mumkin.
He may be in his office (perhops he is in his office) He might be having lunch (perhaps he is having lunch ask Ann). She might known (perhaps Ann knows)
You’ll have to wait an hour for the next bus, so you might as well walk.
Siz keyingi avtobusni bir soatlar kutib turishingizga tо‘g‘ri keladi. Yaxshisi piyoda keting.