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that me and father saved when times were better, thinking it would yield a little to
keep us when we got past work. Look at it,’ she said, almost fiercely, bringing out
a bank-book with all its well kept entries of money paid in, and money taken out,
so that we could see how the little fortune had begun with the first five shilling
deposit, and had grown by little and little to be twenty pounds, and how it had
melted down again till the sum in hand got from pounds to shillings, and the last
entry made the book as worthless as a blank sheet. This family received relief
from the workhouse, and it furnished them with just one scanty meal per day....
Our next visit was to an iron labourer’s wife, whose husband had worked in the
yards. We found her ill from want of food, lying on a mattress in her clothes, and
just covered with a strip of carpet, for all the bedding had been pawned. Two
wretched children were tending her, themselves looking as much in need of
nursing as their mother. Nineteen weeks of enforced idleness had brought them to
this pass, and while the mother told the history of that bitter past, she moaned as if
all her faith in a future that should atone for it were dead.... On getting outside a
young fellow came running after us, and asked us to step inside his house and see
if anything could be done for him. A young wife, two pretty children, a cluster of
pawn-tickets, and a bare room were all he had to show.”
On the after pains of the crisis of 1866, the following extract from a Tory newspaper. It must not
be forgotten that the East-end of London, which is here dealt with, is not only the seat of the iron
shipbuilding mentioned above, but also of a so-called “home-industry” always underpaid.
“A frightful spectacle was to be seen yesterday in one part of the metropolis.
Although the unemployed thousands of the East-end did not parade with their
black flags en masse, the human torrent was imposing enough. Let us remember
what these people suffer. They are dying of hunger. That is the simple and terrible
fact. There are 40,000 of them.... In our presence, in one quarter of this wonderful
metropolis, are packed – next door to the most enormous accumulation of wealth
the world ever saw – cheek by jowl with this are 40,000 helpless, starving people.
These thousands are now breaking in upon the other quarters; always half-
starving, they cry their misery in our ears, they cry to Heaven, they tell us from
their miserable dwellings, that it is impossible for them to find work, and useless
for them to beg. The local ratepayers themselves are driven by the parochial
charges to the verge of pauperism.” – (Standard, 5th April, 1867.)
As it is the fashion amongst English capitalists to quote Belgium as the Paradise of the labourer
because “freedom of labour,” or what is the same thing, “freedom of capital,” is there limited
neither by the despotism of Trades’ Unions, nor by Factory Acts, a word or two on the
“happiness” of the Belgian labourer. Assuredly no one was more thoroughly initiated in the
mysteries of this happiness than the late M. Ducpétiaux, inspector-general of Belgian prisons and
charitable institutions, and member of the central commission of Belgian statistics. Let us take his
work: “Budgets économiques des classes ouvrières de la Belgique,” Bruxelles, 1855. Here we
find among other matters, a normal Belgian labourer’s family, whose yearly income and
expenditure he calculates on very exact data, and whose conditions of nourishment are then
compared with those of the soldier, sailor, and prisoner. The family “consists of father, mother,
and four children.” Of these 6 persons “four may be usefully employed the whole year through.”
It is assumed that “there is no sick person nor one incapable of work, among them,” nor are there
“expenses for religious, moral, and intellectual purposes, except a very small sum for church
sittings,” nor “contributions to savings banks or benefit societies,” nor “expenses due to luxury or
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the result of improvidence.” The father and eldest son, however, allow themselves “the use of
tobacco,” and on Sundays “go to the cabaret,” for which a whole 86 centimes a week are
reckoned.
“From a general compilation of wages allowed to the labourers in different trades,
it follows that the highest average of daily wage is 1 franc 56c., for men, 89
centimes for women, 56 centimes for boys, and 55 centimes for girls. Calculated
at this rate, the resources of the family would amount, at the maximum, to 1,068
francs a-year.... In the family ... taken as typical we have calculated all possible
resources. But in ascribing wages to the mother of the family we raise the
question of the direction of the household. How will its internal economy be cared
for? Who will look after the young children? Who will get ready the meals, do the
washing and mending? This is the dilemma incessantly presented to the
labourers.”
According to this the budget of the family is:
The father 300 working days at fr. 1.56 fr. 468
mother
300 working days at fr. 0.89 fr. 267
boy
300 working days at fr. 0.56 fr. 168
girl
300 working days at fr. 0.55 fr. 165
Total fr. 1,068
The annual expenditure of the family would cause a deficit upon the hypothesis that the labourer
has the food of:
The man-of-war’s man fr. 1,828 Deficit fr. 760
The soldier
fr. 1,473 Deficit fr. 405
The prisoner
fr. 1,112 Deficit fr. 44
“We see that few labouring families can reach, we will not say the average of the
sailor or soldier, but even that of the prisoner. The general average (of the cost of
each prisoner in the different prisons during the period 1847-1849), has been 63
centimes for all prisons. This figure, compared with that of the daily maintenance
of the labourer, shows a difference of 13 centimes. It must be remarked further,
that if in the prisons it is necessary to set down in the account the expenses of
administration and surveillance, on the other hand, the prisoners have not to pay
for their lodging; that the purchases they make at the canteens are not included in
the expenses of maintenance, and that these expenses are greatly lowered in
consequence of the large number of persons that make up the establishments, and
of contracting for or buying wholesale, the food and other things that enter into
their consumption.... How comes it, however, that a great number, we might say, a
great majority, of labourers, live in a more economical way? It is ... by adopting
expedients, the secret of which only the labourer knows; by reducing his daily
rations; by substituting rye-bread for wheat; by eating less meat, or even none at
all, and the same with butter and condiments; by contenting themselves with one
or two rooms where the family is crammed together, where boys and girls sleep
side by side, often on the same pallet; by economy of clothing, washing, decency;