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Just as when we estimate the value of any commodity by a definite quantity of the use-value of
some other commodity, so in estimating the value of the former in gold, we assume nothing more
than that the production of a given quantity of gold costs, at the given period, a given amount of
labour. As regards the fluctuations of prices generally, they are subject to the laws of elementary
relative value investigated in a former chapter.
A general rise in the prices of commodities can result only, either from a rise in their values – the
value of money remaining constant – or from a fall in the value of money, the values of
commodities remaining constant. On the other hand, a general fall in prices can result only, either
from a fall in the values of commodities – the value of money remaining constant – or from a rise
in the value of money, the values of commodities remaining constant. It therefore by no means
follows, that a rise in the value of money necessarily implies a proportional fall in the prices of
commodities; or that a fall in the value of money implies a proportional rise in prices. Such
change of price holds good only in the case of commodities whose value remains constant. With
those, for example, whose value rises, simultaneously with, and proportionally to, that of money,
there is no alteration in price. And if their value rise either slower or faster than that of money, the
fall or rise in their prices will be determined by the difference between the change in their value
and that of money; and so on.
Let us now go back to the consideration of the price-form.
By degrees there arises a discrepancy between the current money-names of the various weights of
the precious metal figuring as money, and the actual weights which those names originally
represented. This discrepancy is the result of historical causes, among which the chief are: – (1)
The importation of foreign money into an imperfectly developed community. This happened in
Rome in its early days, where gold and silver coins circulated at first as foreign commodities. The
names of these foreign coins never coincide with those of the indigenous weights. (2) As wealth
increases, the less precious metal is thrust out by the more precious from its place as a measure of
value, copper by silver, silver by gold, however much this order of sequence may be in
contradiction with poetical chronology.
7
The word pound, for instance, was the money-name
given to an actual pound weight of silver. When gold replaced silver as a measure of value, the
same name was applied according to the ratio between the values of silver and gold, to perhaps 1-
15th of a pound of gold. The word pound, as a money-name, thus becomes differentiated from the
same word as a weight-name.
8
(3) The debasing of money carried on for centuries by kings and
princes to
such an extent that, of the original weights of the coins, nothing in fact remained but
the names.
9
These historical causes convert the separation of the money-name from the weight-name into an
established habit with the community. Since the standard of money is on the one hand purely
conventional, and must on the other hand find general acceptance, it is in the end regulated by
law. A given weight of one of the precious metals, an ounce of gold, for instance, becomes
officially divided into aliquot parts, with legally bestowed names, such as pound, dollar, &c.
These aliquot parts, which thenceforth serve as units of money, are then subdivided into other
aliquot parts with legal names, such as shilling, penny, &c.
10
But, both before and after these
divisions are made, a definite weight of metal is the standard of metallic money. The sole
alteration consists in the subdivision and denomination.
The prices, or quantities of gold, into which the values of commodities are ideally changed, are
therefore now expressed in the names of coins, or in the legally valid names of the subdivisions of
the gold standard. Hence, instead of saying: A quarter of wheat is worth an ounce of gold; we say,
it is worth £3 17s. 10 1/2d. In this way commodities express by their prices how much they are
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worth, and money serves as money of account whenever it is a question of fixing the value of an
article in its money-form.
11
The name of a thing is something distinct from the qualities of that thing. I know nothing of a
man, by knowing that his name is Jacob. In the same way with regard to money, every trace of a
value-relation disappears in the names pound, dollar, franc, ducat, &c. The confusion caused by
attributing a hidden meaning to these cabalistic signs is all the greater, because these money-
names express both the values of commodities, and, at the same time, aliquot parts of the weight
of the metal that is the standard of money.
12
On the other hand, it is absolutely necessary that
value, in order that it may be distinguished from the varied bodily forms of commodities, should
assume this material and unmeaning, but, at the same time, purely social form.
13
Price is the money-name of the labour realised in a commodity. Hence the expression of the
equivalence of a commodity with the sum of money constituting its price, is a tautology
14
, just as
in general the expression of the relative value of a commodity is a statement of the equivalence of
two commodities. But although price, being the exponent of the magnitude of a commodity’s
value, is the exponent of its exchange-ratio with money, it does not follow that the exponent of
this exchange-ratio is necessarily the exponent of the magnitude of the commodity’s value.
Suppose two equal quantities of socially necessary labour to be respectively represented by 1
quarter of wheat and £2 (nearly 1/2 oz. of gold), £2 is the expression in money of the magnitude
of the value of the quarter of wheat, or is its price. If now circumstances allow of this price being
raised to £3, or compel it to be reduced to £1, then although £1 and £3 may be too small or too
great properly to express the magnitude of the wheat’s value; nevertheless they are its prices, for
they are, in the first place, the form under which its value appears, i.e., money; and in the second
place, the exponents of its exchange-ratio with money. If the conditions of production, in other
words, if the productive power of labour remain constant, the same amount of social labour-time
must, both before and after the change in price, be expended in the reproduction of a quarter of
wheat. This circumstance depends, neither on the will of the wheat producer, nor on that of the
owners of other commodities.
Magnitude of value expresses a relation of social production, it expresses the connexion that
necessarily exists between a certain article and the portion of the total labour-time of society
required to produce it. As soon as magnitude of value is converted into price, the above necessary
relation takes the shape of a more or less accidental exchange-ratio between a single commodity
and another, the money-commodity. But this exchange-ratio may express either the real
magnitude of that commodity’s value, or the quantity of gold deviating from that value, for
which, according to circumstances, it may be parted with. The possibility, therefore, of
quantitative incongruity between price and magnitude of value, or the deviation of the former
from the latter, is inherent in the price-form itself. This is no defect, but, on the contrary,
admirably adapts the price-form to a mode of production whose inherent laws impose themselves
only as the mean of apparently lawless irregularities that compensate one another.
The price-form, however, is not only compatible with the possibility of a quantitative incongruity
between magnitude of value and price, i.e., between the former and its expression in money, but it
may also conceal a qualitative inconsistency, so much so, that, although money is nothing but the
value-form of commodities, price ceases altogether to express value. Objects that in themselves
are no commodities, such as conscience, honour, &c., are capable of being offered for sale by
their holders, and of thus acquiring, through their price, the form of commodities. Hence an
object may have a price without having value. The price in that case is imaginary, like certain
quantities in mathematics. On the other hand, the imaginary price-form may sometimes conceal