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Chapter 3
A. Hoarding
The continual movement in circuits of the two antithetical metamorphoses of commodities, or the
never ceasing alternation of sale and purchase, is reflected in the restless currency of money, or in
the function that money performs of a perpetuum mobile of circulation. But so soon as the series
of metamorphoses is interrupted, so soon as sales are not supplemented by subsequent purchases,
money ceases to be mobilised; it is transformed, as Boisguillebert says, from “meuble” into
“immeuble,” from movable into immovable, from coin into money.
With the very earliest development of the circulation of commodities, there is also developed the
necessity, and the passionate desire, to hold fast the product of the first metamorphosis. This
product is the transformed shape of the commodity, or its gold-chrysalis.
39
Commodities are thus
sold not for the purpose of buying others, but in order to replace their commodity-form by their
money-form. From being the mere means of effecting the circulation of commodities, this change
of form becomes the end and aim. The changed form of the commodity is thus prevented from
functioning as its unconditionally alienable form, or as its merely transient money-form. The
money becomes petrified into a hoard, and the seller becomes a hoarder of money.
In the early stages of the circulation of commodities, it is the surplus use-values alone that are
converted into money. Gold and silver thus become of themselves social expressions for
superfluity or wealth. This naive form of hoarding becomes perpetuated in those communities in
which the traditional mode of production is carried on for the supply of a fixed and limited circle
of home wants. It is thus with the people of Asia, and particularly of the East Indies. Vanderlint,
who fancies that the prices of commodities in a country are determined by the quantity of gold
and silver to be found in it, asks himself why Indian commodities are so cheap. Answer: Because
the Hindus bury their money. From 1602 to 1734, he remarks, they buried 150 millions of pounds
sterling of silver, which originally came from America to Europe.
40
In the 10 years from 1856 to
1866, England exported to India and China £120,000,000 in silver, which had been received in
exchange for Australian gold. Most of the silver exported to China makes its way to India.
As the production of commodities further develops, every producer of commodities is compelled
to make sure of the nexus rerum or the social pledge.
41
His wants are constantly making
themselves felt, and necessitate the continual purchase of other people’s commodities, while the
production and sale of his own goods require time, and depend upon circumstances. In order then
to be able to buy without selling, he must have sold previously without buying. This operation,
conducted on a general scale, appears to imply a contradiction. But the precious metals at the
sources of their production are directly exchanged for other commodities. And here we have sales
(by the owners of commodities) without purchases (by the owners of gold or silver).
42
And
subsequent sales, by other producers, unfollowed by purchases, merely bring about the
distribution of the newly produced precious metals among all the owners of commodities. In this
way, all along the line of exchange, hoards of gold and silver of varied extent are accumulated.
With the possibility of holding and storing up exchange-value in the shape of a particular
commodity, arises also the greed for gold. Along with the extension of circulation, increases the
power of money, that absolutely social form of wealth ever ready for use. “Gold is a wonderful
thing! Whoever possesses it is lord of all he wants. By means of gold one can even get souls into
Paradise.” (Columbus in his letter from Jamaica, 1503.) Since gold does not disclose what has
been transformed into it, everything, commodity or not, is convertible into gold. Everything
becomes saleable and buyable. The circulation becomes the great social retort into which
everything is thrown, to come out again as a gold-crystal. Not even are the bones of saints, and
still less are more delicate res sacrosanctae, extra commercium hominum able to withstand this
alchemy.
43
Just as every qualitative difference between commodities is extinguished in money,
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Chapter 3
so money, on its side, like the radical leveller that it is, does away with all distinctions.
43a
But
money itself is a commodity, an external object, capable of becoming the private property of any
individual. Thus social power becomes the private power of private persons. The ancients
therefore denounced money as subversive of the economic and moral order of things.
43b
Modern
society, which, soon after its birth, pulled Plutus by the hair of his head from the bowels of the
earth,
44
greets gold as its Holy Grail, as the glittering incarnation of the very principle of its own
life.
A commodity, in its capacity of a use-value, satisfies a particular want, and is a particular element
of material wealth. But the value of a commodity measures the degree of its attraction for all
other elements of material wealth, and therefore measures the social wealth of its owner. To a
barbarian owner of commodities, and even to a West-European peasant, value is the same as
value-form, and therefore, to him the increase in his hoard of gold and silver is an increase in
value. It is true that the value of money varies, at one time in consequence of a variation in its
own value, at another, in consequence of a change in the values of commodities. But this, on the
one hand, does not prevent 200 ounces of gold from still containing more value than 100 ounces,
nor, on the other hand, does it hinder the actual metallic form of this article from continuing to be
the universal equivalent form of all other commodities, and the immediate social incarnation of
all human labour. The desire after hoarding is in its very nature unsatiable. In its qualitative
aspect, or formally considered, money has no bounds to its efficacy, i.e., it is the universal
representative of material wealth, because it is directly convertible into any other commodity.
But, at the same time, every actual sum of money is limited in amount, and, therefore, as a means
of purchasing, has only a limited efficacy. This antagonism between the quantitative limits of
money and its qualitative boundlessness, continually acts as a spur to the hoarder in his Sisyphus-
like labour of accumulating. It is with him as it is with a conqueror who sees in every new
country annexed, only a new boundary.
In order that gold may be held as money, and made to form a hoard, it must be prevented from
circulating, or from transforming itself into a means of enjoyment. The hoarder, therefore, makes
a sacrifice of the lusts of the flesh to his gold fetish. He acts in earnest up to the Gospel of
abstention. On the other hand, he can withdraw from circulation no more than what he has thrown
into it in the shape of commodities. The more he produces, the more he is able to sell. Hard work,
saving, and avarice are, therefore, his three cardinal virtues, and to sell much and buy little the
sum of his political economy.
45
By the side of the gross form of a hoard, we find also its aesthetic form in the possession of gold
and silver articles. This grows with the wealth of civil society. “Soyons riches ou paraissons
riches” (Diderot).
In this way there is created, on the one hand, a constantly extending market for gold and silver,
unconnected with their functions as money, and, on the other hand, a latent source of supply, to
which recourse is had principally in times of crisis and social disturbance.
Hoarding serves various purposes in the economy of the metallic circulation. Its first function
arises out of the conditions to which the currency of gold and silver coins is subject. We have
seen how, along with the continual fluctuations in the extent and rapidity of the circulation of
commodities and in their prices, the quantity of money current unceasingly ebbs and flows. This
mass must, therefore, be capable of expansion and contraction. At one time money must be
attracted in order to act as circulating coin, at another, circulating coin must be repelled in order
to act again as more or less stagnant money. In order that the mass of money, actually current,
may constantly saturate the absorbing power of the circulation, it is necessary that the quantity of
gold and silver in a country be greater than the quantity required to function as coin. This