21
Figure 3
The 12 major exporting and re-exporting countries and territories and the amounts of raw musk
exported by each, 1978-96, as reported by the exporting countries and territories themselves and
by destination countries
Notes:
CH: Switzerland; DE: Germany; FR: France; HK: Hong Kong; KG: Kyrgyzstan; KH: Cambodia; MN:
Mongolia; NP: Nepal; RU: Russia; SG: Singapore; SU: Soviet Union; UZ: Uzbekistan
.
Source: WCMC, January 1998.
Detailed statistics for each of the exporting or re-exporting countries that traded more than 100 kg of raw
musk from 1978 to 1996 are presented in Appendix 1.
From 1978 to 1996, the major importing countries of raw musk were South Korea, Hong Kong, France,
Singapore, Japan and Canada, each with a total import volume of more than 100 kg (see Tables 6 and 7
and Figure 4). The origin of the musk that Cambodia re-exported was not recorded and remains unknown.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
FR
CH
DE
NP
MN
KG
UZ
RU
SU
SG
HK
KH
Imports reported
Exporting countries/territories
Exported musk (Kg)
Exports reported
22
Table 6
Seven countries and territories that exported or re-exported more than 100 kg of musk,
1978-96, and the corresponding importers
Country/
Country/
Quantity
Country/territory of
Quantity (kg), as
territory
territory of
(kg), as reported
import, as reported
reported by country/
of export
import, as
by country/
by country/territory
territory of import
/re-export
reported by
territory of
of import
country/territory
export
of export
Hong Kong
Japan
260
France
39.62
France
139
Japan
14
Canada
123
Switzerland
10
South Korea
23
Singapore
6
Switzerland
17
South Korea
1
Singapore
10.5
China
10
USA
10
North Korea
1
Taiwan
0.38
Cambodia
South Korea
412
Mongolia
South Korea
350
Soviet Union
Hong Kong
171
Hong Kong
332.14
Singapore
61
France
22.02
Japan
36
Singapore
10
France
15
Russia
Germany
58.4
Germany
58.682
Hong Kong
48.8
Hong Kong
30.2
Switzerland
39.3
Singapore
17
Singapore
19
South Korea
5
South Korea
6.25
Switzerland
2
China
1
Uzebekistan*
South Korea
126
Kyrgyzstan**
South Korea
125
Notes:
* Uzbekistan is
not a range State of musk deer, and is not a valid “Country of Origin” for raw musk, although that it is
indicated as such in the CITES tabulations that were analysed. South Korea, a destination country, recorded imports
“originating” from this country in 1994 and in 1995, but these must refer to re-exports of musk by Uzbekistan that origi-
nated from elsewhere - most probably in the Russian Federation.
** Musk deer may occur in Kyrgyzstan in very low numbers, and it would appear unlikely that 125 kg of musk could
be harvested in the country. The amounts of musk that were reportedly exported from the country may therefore
actually have originated elsewhere - in all likelihood in the Russian Federation.
Source: WCMC, January 1998.
23
Figure 4
The 10 major destination countries and territories for raw musk and the amounts imported by
each, 1978-96, as reported by the destination countries and territories themselves and by
exporting countries
Notes
: CA: Canada; CH: Switzerland; CN: China; DE: Germany; FR: France; HK: Hong Kong; JP: Japan; KR: South
Korea; SG: Singapore; US: USA.
Source: WCMC, January 1998.
Of the major importers, only Hong Kong, Singapore and Cambodia re-exported significant quantities of
raw musk from 1978 to 1996. South Korea, France and Japan appear to have consumed most of their
imported musk, or to have manufactured derivatives for re-export (Table 7). The quantities of derivatives
exported from South Korea and Japan are far lower than the amounts exported from China. South Korea
reported obtaining the musk it imported mainly from Cambodia, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan (a
non-range State).
Detailed statistics of each of the countries that imported more than 100 kg of musk, 1978-96, are presented
in Appendix 2.
Data other than those in CITES annual reports indicate that in the 1970s and early 1980s, Japan was the
largest importer of musk, accounting for 85% of global trade (Green, 1986). Then, as now, Hong Kong
was the international centre of raw musk re-exports. From 1983 to 1989, Japan maintained a reservation
on musk deer that were listed in Appendix II of CITES and consequently did not report any trade data to
the CITES Secretariat during this period. However, about 275 kg, with a market value of about US$4.2
million, were imported annually into Japan during the period 1974-83, according to Green (1986). Official
Japanese trade figures indicated that between 215 kg and 300 kg of raw musk were imported to Japan from
China annually from 1981 to 1985 (Green, 1989). Before the 1970s, Japan imported much raw musk from
India and Nepal (Green, 1989).
Regional project studies by TRAFFIC are expected to yield further information about Asia’s role in the
musk trade.
0
100
200
300
400
500
US
CA
CH
DE
FR
CN
JP
SG
HK
KR
Importing countries/territories
Impor
ted m
usk (Kg)
up to
Imports reported
Exports reported
1078.5 kg