19
Country
Year of CITES membership
Musk deer range State
Import of raw musk
Re-export of
raw musk
Australia 1976
Belgium 1983
Bulgaria 1991
Canada 1975
xxx
China 1981
xxx
xxx
Denmark 1977
East Germany
1976
Finland 1976
France 1978
xxx
xxx
Gabon 1989
Germany 1976
xxx
xxx
Ghana 1975
Honduras
1985
Hong Kong
1976
xxx
xxx
India 1976
xxx
Indonesia 1978
Italy 1979
Japan
1980 R!
xxx
xxx
7/83-4/89
Macao 1980
Malaysia 1977
Mauritius 1975
Netherlands 1984
New Zealand
1989
xxx
North Korea
-
xxx
xxx
Norway 1976
Philippines 1981
Poland 1989
Portugal 1980
South Korea
1993 R!
xxx
xxx
10/93-10/96
Romania
1994
Senegal 1977
Singapore 1986
xxx
xxx
Soviet Union
1976
xxx
Spain 1986
Switzerland 1974
xxx
xxx
Taiwan
-
xxx
Thailand 1983
Togo 1978
UAE
1990
UK 1976
USA 1974
xxx
Yugoslavia
-
Table 4
Table to show the 42 countries that imported musk deer products, including musk, 1978-96,
according to CITES annual reports
R!: CITES reservation clause in respect of the listing of musk deer.
Source: CITES annual reports. WCMC, January 1998.
20
Table 5
Quantities of raw musk reported in trade from range States (and Uzbekistan) and the number
of male musk deer and of musk deer in total estimated to have been killed to supply this trade,
1978-96
Notes:
EX = reported by countries of export, IM = reported by countries of import.
* Average weight of musk in one musk gland: 25g. To get one male musk deer with a sufficiently large musk gland, at
least three to five musk deer have to be captured (Green, 1986; Jackson, 1979 and Prikhod‘ko, 1997).
** Musk deer may occur in Kyrgyzstan in very low numbers, and it would appear unlikely that 125 kg of musk could
be harvested in the country. The amounts of musk that were reportedly exported from the country may therefore
actually have originated elsewhere - in all likelihood in the Russian Federation.
*** Uzbekistan is not a range State of musk deer, and is not a valid “Country of Origin” for raw musk, although it is
indicated as such in the CITES tabulations that were analysed. South Korea, a destination country, recorded imports
“originating” from this country in 1994 and in 1995, but these records must refer to re-exports of musk by Uzbekistan
that originated from elsewhere - most likely the Russian Federation.
Source: WCMC, January 1998.
The Soviet Union (from 1978 to 1992) and the CIS republics (Commonwealth of Independent States) of
Russia, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan (from 1992 to 1996) were reportedly the main exporting countries of
raw musk. Uzbekistan is not a range State of musk deer. According to the records of destination countries,
the CIS countries exported 363.9 kg of raw musk, 1992-96, which is as much as the total volume that the
Soviet Union exported during the 14 preceding years (364 kg) (see Table 5). To obtain 363.9 kg of raw
musk, an estimated 40 000 to 75 000 musk deer need to be hunted and killed. Exports from Mongolia,
1994-95, recorded by importing countries, totalled 350 kg, equating to a similar number of musk deer.
Between 1978 and 1996, countries and territories exporting or re-exporting quantities of raw musk in
excess of 100 kg were Cambodia, Hong Kong, the Soviet Union, Russia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and
Mongolia (see Figure 3 and Table 6). CITES records indicate that between 1978 and 1996, Cambodia
and Hong Kong were the main re-exporters in the international raw musk trade, while Mongolia, the
Soviet Union and the Republics of the CIS were important primary exporters and source countries for raw
musk (see Table 6).
Country of
Quantity
Quantity
Number of male musk
Total number of musk deer
export
(kg) as
(kg) as
deer involved in trade*
involved in trade*
reported
reported
by country
by country
EX
IM
EX
IM
of export
of import
quantity
quantity
quantity
quantity
Soviet Union
283
364
11 320
14 560
33 960-56 600
43 680-72 800
Russia
172.6
112.9
6904
4516
20 712-34 520
13 548-22 580
Kyrgyzstan**
125
5000
15 000-25 000
Uzbekistan***
126
5040
15 120-25 200
Mongolia
350
14 000
42 000-70 000
China
1
0.5
40
20
120-200
60-100
Nepal
20.1
804
2412-4020
India
0.1
4
12-20