27
trade tabulations in 1989 and 1994, respectively. The predominant share of musk imported into Germany,
Switzerland and France came from the Soviet Union and later from Russia (see Table 8).
Table 8
Musk imported by Germany, France and Switzerland from 1980-96
Notes
: SU = Soviet Union; RU = Russia; ? = no data; App. I = CITES Appendix I species. Number of exports reported
and imports reported differ owing to different reporting methods to WCMC.
Source: WCMC, January 1998.
According to its own import reports, France received some 10 kg of raw musk annually, on average, from
the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s (see Figure 7). Germany imported 10 kg in 1994 and 1995, each, and in
1996 nearly 40 kg. In the 1990s, Switzerland imported a total of about 12 kg over three years.
According to CITES reports from the countries of export, France and Switzerland imported substantially
more musk over the same period than they themselves declared as imported (see Figure 8). Records of
exporters to Germany, on the other hand, more or less match the volumes Germany’s own import records
declare for the same period.
The competent CITES Management Authorities (MAs) in Germany (Bundesamt für Naturschutz, Bonn),
Switzerland (Office Vétérinaire Fédéral, Bern) and France (Ministère du Territoire et de l‘Environnement,
Direction de la Nature et des Paysages, Paris), confirmed that the trade records that were communicated
to the CITES Secretariat for compilation by WCMC represent actual levels of trade. (Customs check the
shipments upon import, and note actual volumes in the allotted spaces on the relevant CITES documents
for compilation by the MAs).
From 1980 to 1996, Germany imported all its musk directly from Russia, Switzerland obtained its musk
from Hong Kong, Russia and France, and France itself imported musk from Hong Kong, the Soviet Union,
Nepal, Switzerland, Singapore and Senegal (see Table 8). France’s imports in 1985 and 1986 from Nepal
were from Appendix I-listed populations of musk deer.
Period
Country
Country
Country of
Quantity
Country of
Country of
Quantity (kg)
of import
of export, as
origin, as
(kg), as
export, as
origin, as
as reported
reported by
reported by
reported by
reported by
reported by
by country/
country of
country of
country of
country/
country/
territory
import
import
import
territory of
territory of
of export
export
export
1994-1996
Germany
Russia
RU
58.682
Russia
RU
58.36
1980-1995
France
Hong Kong
SU/RU/?
39.62
Hong Kong
SU/RU/?
138.52
Soviet Union
SU
22.01
Soviet Union
SU
15.02
Nepal
Nepal App. I
20.1
Switzerland
SU
6
Switzerland
SU/RU
12
Singapore
SU
2.925
Singapore
SU
2
Senegal
?
1
1989-1995
Switzerland Hong Kong
SU/RU
10
Russia
RU
39.29
Russia
RU
2
Hong Kong
SU/RU
17
France
SU
0.005
France
SU
0.005
28
Switzerland, and in particular Germany, re-export significant quantities of raw musk (see Figures 9 and
10). For example, Switzerland re-exported a total of 11 kg to France and South Korea between 1989 and
1994 (see Table 9). German re-exports of raw musk included 58 kg to Hong Kong and Singapore during
the period 1994-96. This means that Switzerland re-exported 93%, and Germany 99%, of all the musk that
they imported (see Figure 11). The import records of France and South Korea, by contrast, refer to 17 kg
of musk imported from Switzerland during the same period (see Table 9), while import figures from Hong
0
10
20
30
40
50
'95
'94
'93
'92
'91
'90
'89
'88
'87
'86
'85
'84
'83
'82
'81
'80
Year
Imported musk (Kg)
DE
FR
CH
up to
102 kg
0
10
20
30
40
50
'96
'95
'94
'93
'92
'91
'90
'89
'88
'87
'86
'85
Year
Imported musk (Kg)
DE
FR
CH
Source: WCMC, January 1998.
Figure 7
Imports of raw musk by Germany, France and Switzerland from 1985-96, as reported by these
countries
Figure 8
Imports of raw musk to Germany, France and Switzerland from 1980-95, as reported by exporting
countries and territories
Source: WCMC, January 1998.