Conus cabraloi Cossignani, 2014 Pictures

Discussion:-Discussion: Melvill (1883) described C. chytreus erroneously as variant of the Indopacific C. figulinus because of the presence of spiral lines on last whorl. Coomans et al (1983) stated a similarity to C. variegatus, but the colour of the aperture is different and C. variegatus has a pattern with spiral rows of brown dots or dashes, alternating with white. The radular teeth have evident differences: DP/PA is usually smaller than 2 in C. chytreus and 2 or more in C. variegatus. Also the D in S are more prominent and numerous in the upper part of C. chytreus and the opposite in C. variegatus.
C. chytreus has a similar shape and pattern to C. fuscolineatus, but its spiral lines are continuous and not interrupted, its ground colour is white and the shell is also white inside the aperture.
----------
Conus ciderryi da Motta, 1985
Pictures:.
Picture Link: Holotype in MHNG Mike Filmer

Published in: Publ. Ocas. Soc. Port. Malac. no. 4, p. 4. pl. 1, f. 3 a-b
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Trawled in Strait of Taiwan
Type Data: Holotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 31 x 14.4 mm
Nomenclature: An available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Asprella Species:-ciderryi
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Taiwan; Vietnam
Habitat:-Deeper subtidal
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Moderately small to medium-sized, moderately light to moderately solid. Last whorl conical, outline almost straight. Shoulder angulate, undulate or weakly tuberculate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline concave. Larval shell of 2-2.25 whorls. maximum diameter about 0.8 mm. First 4-5 postnuclear whorls tuberculate, following whorls undulate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, with 1-2 increasing to 2-5 spiral grooves. with additional striae in last whorls. Last whorl with rather widely spaced spiral grooves on basal half, more narrowly spaced near base.
Ground colour white, occasionally suffused with pale violet. Entire last whorl with spiral rows of alternating yellowish brown or pink and white bars, squarish spots and dots; an orangish violet spiral band or a spiral row of yellowish brown to brown flecks may occur on each side of centre. Larval whorls white. Postnuclear sutural ramps with yellowish to orangish brown radial streaks that extend over outer margins. Aperture white
Shell Morphometry
L 30-42 mm
RW 0.08-0.12 g/mm
RD 0.50-0.63
PMD 0.95-0.97
RSH 0.08-0.24
Discussion:-C. ciderryi is most similar to C. inscriptus and C. moluccensis. Specimens from Vietnam have a broader last whorl and a dark-coloured base.
----------

Conus cinereus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792
Pictures:
Picture Link: Lectotype in MHNG Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul kersten
Published in: Encyc. Meth. Hist. Nat. des Vers. Vol. 1, p. 673
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Moluccas; Asiatic Ocean, restricted (C, M & W) to Moluccas, Indonesia.
Type Data: Lectotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 48 x 24 mm
Nomenclature: An available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAE
Genus:-Phasmoconus Species:-cinereus
Synonyms:- cinereus Röding, 1798; caerulescens Lamarck, 1810; nisus Dillwyn, 1817; exaratus Reeve, 1844; gabrielii Kiener, 1845; gubba Kiener, 1845; bernardii Kiener, 1845; politus Weinkauff, 1875
Geographic Range:-Japan to Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Is., New Caledonia, and Vanuatu.
Habitat:-Subtidal
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Moderately small to medium-sized, moderately light to moderately solid. Last whorl narrowly conoid-cylindrical, conoid-cylindrical or ventricosely conical; outline convex adapically, less so or straight below. Aperture wider at base than near shoulder. Shoulder subangulate or rounded. Spire of low to moderate height, outline deeply concave to straight or slightly sigrnoid. Larval shell of about 2.25 whorls, maximum diameter about 0.8 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to convex, with 1 increasing to 3-5 spiral grooves, usually weaker on late ramps and sometimes visible only on early ramps; spiral sculpture dominated by a strong subsutural groove. Basal fourth to half of last whorl with widely spaced axially striate spiral grooves and flat ribbons between; basal grooves wider and often with a spiral thread.
Colour light violet to greenish grey or shading from beige to orange or blackish brown; sometimes with tan and olive spiral bands. Last whorl with spiral rows of orange to dark brown and pale ground-colour dots and dashes; rows highly variable in number, sometimes absent, with alternating dark and light markings or all light or all dark markings. Dark shells either immaculate or with additional spirally aligned white or grey flecks; light shells with additional spirally aligned orangish to dark brown markings. Larval whorls ranging from pale to dark brown. Early postnuclear sutural ramps immaculate, often similar in colour to larval shell. Later sutural ramps immaculate, or with dark axial markings, or with scattered white spots in very dark shells; sometimes outer margins with regularly set orange to brown dots. Aperture white, bluish white or violet behind a translucent outer margin and an adjacent narrow orange or brown zone.
Shell Morphometry
L 30-57 mm
RW 0.06-0.30 g/mm
RD 0.47-0.60
PMD 0.75-0.86
RSH 0.09-0.20
Discussion:-C. cinereus resembles C. lienardi. and C. oishii. C. lienardi differs in its rather angulate shoulder, complete or reduced reticulate pattern on last whorl and spire, and in the absence of any spirally aligned dots and dashes; its early postnuclear whorls are tuberculate.

C. cinereus is a polytypic species, and variability may be high within populations; this has led to a number of synonyms: - C. caerulescens and C. exaratus refer to subadult specimens, which have spiral grooves from base to shoulder. - C. bernardii is a reddish brown colour variant with spirally arrayed grey or white markings at shoulder, within adapical third and near centre. It occurs sympatrically with the typical form in Philippines and Indonesia. - C. politus refers to a blackish brown form with hieroglyphic-shaped white markings on the last whorl, occurring in Philippines. - C. gubba was described as having a uniformly blackish brown adult shell, and a juvenile shell with white flecks. It seems to be restricted to Manus Id., Papua New Guinea. It cannot be separated from C. cinereus by shape or sculpture of the shell but its distinctive colouration and limited distribution may justify subspecies status. Shells from Java have a broader last whorl than those from other localities.
----------
Conus cinereus f. bernardii Kiener, 1845
Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv., pl. 100, f. 2

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv. 2, p. 220, pl. 100, f. 2
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: None
Type Data: Holotype was in MNHN and currently assumed to be lost
Type Size: 46 x 20 mm figure
Nomenclature: An available name
Taxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus cinereus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAE
Genus:-Phasmoconus Species:-cinereus bernardii forma
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Philippines, Indonesia
Habitat:-Subtidal
Description:- C. bernardii is a reddish brown colour variant with spirally arrayed grey or white markings at shoulder, within adapical third and near the centre.

Conus cinereus f. gubba Kiener, 1845
Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in collection Gubba Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv., pl. 104, f. 1

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv. 2, p. 289, pl. 104, f. 1
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: None
Type Data: Holotype was in collection Gubba and currently assumed to be lost
Type Size: 38mm
Nomenclature: An available name
Taxonomy: Synonym form of Conus cinereus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAE
Genus:-Phasmoconus Species:-cinereus gubba forma
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Manus Island, PNG
Habitat:-No Data
Description:-Source Living Conidae C. cinereus
C. gubba was described as having a uniformly blackish brown adult shell, and a juvenile shell with white flecks. It seems to be restricted to Manus Id., Papua New Guinea. It cannot be separated from C. cinereus by shape or sculpture of the shell but its distinctive colouration and limited distribution may justify subspecies status.
Discussion:-No Data
----------
Conus cingulatus Lamarck, 1810
Pictures:
Picture Link: Neotype in MHNG Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten
Published in: Ann. du Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) xv, p. 274
Ocean geography: West Atlantic and Caribbean
Type Locality: Santa Marta, Colombia
Type Data: Neotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 44 x 21 mm
Nomenclature: An available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Gradiconus Species:-cingulatus
Synonyms:- castaneus Kiener, 1845
Geographic Range:-Venezuela, Colombia
Habitat:-Deep water
Description:-Source Vink
A slender shell, 30 to 50 mm, with moderately high, concave to straight-sided spire. Shoulder angulate, body whorl straight to slightly convex with a narrow base. Spiral grooves, which are axially punctated, over the entire body whorl.
The grooves are wider apart and weaker near midbody, and on some specimens there are only grooves near the base. Tops of the whorls with 2 to 3 very weak spiral ridges. Nucleus: 1.5 whorls; in fresh specimens irregular axial sculpture on the sides of the first 3 postnuclear whorls. Body whorl cream coloured variegated with dark brown axial streaks and spiral lines of small dashes, which are darker brown than the axial streaks. There is a light form without spiral lines of dashes (or with these spiral lines inconspicuous) which is mainly found off Venezuela. These shells have only grooves near the base. A dark form, uniform dark brown with a few irregular, often rectangular white markings was given the name C. castaneus.
Variant C. castaneus is dark brown shell with brown spiral lines visible in background and a few whitish or yellowish tents and blotches break through;reduced body sculpture;
Discussion:-C. cingulatus could be confused with C. garciai (which is larger and broader with spiral cords rather than flat ribs between grooves, and of which the juveniles are more turnip-shaped.
----------
Conus circae Sowerby ii, 1858
Pictures:
Picture Link: Syntype in Cuming collection, Thes. Conch. pl. 21 (207), f. 513 & 514

Picture link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Thes. Conch. ii, p. 39, pl. 21 (207), f. 513 & 514. and pl.
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Philippines
Type Data: Syntype was in Cuming collection and currently assumed to be lost
Type Size: 52 x 26 fig.
Nomenclature: An available name
Taxonomy: Synonym form of Conus magus Linnaeus, 1758
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAE
Genus:-Pionoconus Species:-magus circae forma
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-New Caledonia, Solomons
Habitat:-Intertidal and upper subtidal. A sand-dweller on coral reef and in sheltered bays, often beneath rocks and dead coral.
Description:-Source Living Conidae C.magus
C. circae: Type figures show conical shaped form white with tan or orange brown background with dark brown blotches and broken dark brown spiral lines.

Discussion:-No Data
----------

Conus circumactus Iredale, 1929
Pictures:
Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Swainson 1822, Pl. 110 (C.cinctus)

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Picture Link: Paul Kersten
Published in: Mem. Queensl. Mus. 9, p. 281
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Not known (C.cinctus Swainson, 1822)
Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Swainson, Pl. 110
Nomenclature: an available name, a new replacement name (nomen novum) for C. cinctus Swainson, 1822.
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Vituliconus Species:-circumactus
Synonyms:- cinctus Swainson, 1822; hammatus Bartsch & Rehder, 1943
Geographic Range:-Natal and Mozambique to Hawaii
Habitat:-Usually in 10-240 m, down to 600 m in Hawaii; on sand, sand mixed with rubble, or on coralline gravel, either in semi-sheltered habitats or exposed to strong tidal currents.
Description:-Source Living Conidae C. circumactus
Medium-sized to moderately large, moderately solid to solid. Last whorl conical or ventricosely conical; outline convex at adapical fourth to half, less so or straight below. Shoulder angulate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline concave. Early postnuclear whorls weakly tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly concave with 1 increasing to 3-4 spiral grooves, occasionally obsolete on late ramps. Last whorl with smooth and granulose spiral ribs near base to two-thirds and spiral rows of punctations above; granulose ribs with several smooth ribs between, primarily toward base.
Ground colour white, variably suffused with violet. Last whorl with a broad yellowish tan to brown spiral band on each side of centre; colour bands variably wide, solid or interrupted, sometimes covering most of last whorl. Widely spaced spiral rows of brown dots and dashes from base to shoulder, varying from pronounced to obsolete and from numerous to absent. Base and siphonal fasciole purple. Larval whorls light brown. Teleoconch sutural ramps with brown radial streaks, occasionally extending to subshoulder area. Aperture white except for purple anterior end; occasionally with a violet marginal band to shoulder and exhalent notch.
Shell Morphometry
L 40-75 mm
RW 0.19-0.63 g/mm
((L 35-57 mm))
RD 0.58-0.63
PMD 0.80-0.93
RSH 0.04-0.14
C. hammatus has been used for deepwater specimens; The type is orange brown with purple base and convex sides.
C. connectens named after specimen with indistinct banding; now considered erroneous.
Discussion:-The closest relative of C. circumactus is C. swainsoni from New Caledonia. Estival and Cosel (1986) considered C. connectens A. Adams, 1855 an earlier name for C. circumactus. Coomans et al, (1985a) considered the type specimen of C. connectens indeterminable, but Röckel (1988b) concluded that it is a specimen of C. daucus Hwass from the Western Atlantic. In any case it seems not to be an earlier name for C. circumactus. Coomans et al. (1985a) separate this species into C. circumactus s.s. and C. hammatus, but these two forms intergrade in colour pattern, shape and sculpture in both Indian and Pacific Ocean populations (Estival & v. Cosel, 1986). In agreement with Estival & v. Cosel (1986) RKK consider C. hammatus to apply to deep-water shells of C. circumactus, although this requires further study. Indian Ocean specimens of C. circumactus are more uniformly coloured than most shells from the Pacific Ocean and often have the late sutural ramps more concave and with weaker spiral sculpture.
----------
Conus circumcisus Born, 1778
Pictures:
Picture Link: Lectotype in MHNG Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Radula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Ind. Rer. Nat. Mus. Caes. Vind., p. 147
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: not known, designated (C, M & W) Moluccas, Indonesia
Type Data: Lectotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 71 x 27 mm
Nomenclature: An available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAE
Genus:-Pionoconus Species:-circumcisus
Synonyms:- affinis Gmelin, 1791; laevis Gmelin, 1791; dux Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792; purpuratus Röding, 1798; terebellum Röding, 1798; brazieri Sowerby iii, 1881
Geographic Range:-Moluccas and Philippines to Marshall Is. and to Solomon Is. and Vanuatu; probably in Society Is.
Habitat:-In 4-200 m; in sand, coral rubble, clefts of coral reefs or on lagoon pinnacles, beneath dead coral rocks.
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Moderately large to large, moderately solid to solid. Last whorl narrowly conoid-cylindrical to ventricosely conical, sometimes narrowly conical; outline varies from almost straight to almost evenly convex, adapical fourth usually convex. Aperture wider at base than near shoulder. Shoulder angulate to rounded. Spire usually of moderate height, outline straight to domed. Larval shell of about 3.5 whorls, maximum diameter about 0.8 mm. First 3-5 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps convex to slightly concave, with 2-3 increasing to 4 spiral grooves, usually faint in latest whorls. Last whorl with equidistant spiral ribs, often weak above centre and sometimes with fine granules.
Ground colour white, variably suffused with yellow or violet. Last whorl with light brown spiral bands, varying in number and width but usually leaving one ground colour band below centre. Shells with a plain banding pattern intergrade with speckled shells with darker brown blotches, with spiral rows of alternating white and dark brown dots, spots and dashes and sometimes with additional brown spiral lines. Rows of alternating dark and light markings usually diminish during growth, dark flecks and blotches do so sometimes. Base yellow or yellowish orange. Larval whorls white. Early teleoconch sutural ramps immaculate white; later ramps with brown axial markings, becoming darker but smaller and often sparse during growth. Aperture white or pale violet.
Shell Morphometry
L 55-100 mm
RW 0.17-0.70 g/mm
(L 55-90 mm)
RD 0.44-0.57
PMD 0.71-0.86
RSH 0.10-0.19
Discussion:-
C. brazieri is smooth unspotted pale pattern from Solomons, New Guinea;
C. laevis with large reddish brown blotches
----------
Conus citrinus Gmelin, 1791
Pictures:
Picture Link: Paul Kersten
Published in: Syst. Nat. 13th ed. Vol. 1, pt, p. 3389
Ocean geography: West Atlantic and Caribbean
Type Locality: Curaçao
Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Martini (1773: pl. 61, fig. 681)
Nomenclature: An available name
Taxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus regius Gmelin, 1791
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Stephanoconus Species:-regius citrinus forma
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Netherlands Antilles; Virgin Islands; C Brazil
Habitat:-Shallow to deep
Description:-Source Walls
C. r. citrinus is totally yellow or orange shell, the spire white or sometimes patterned
Discussion:-No Data
----------
Conus clarki Rehder & Abbott, 1951
Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in USNM Alan Kohn

Published in: J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 41, p. 22, f. 1-6
Ocean geography: West Atlantic and Caribbean
Type Locality: 50 mi. SSW of Marsh Is., Iberia Co., Louisiana; 29 fathoms
Type Data: Holotype in USNM deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 34 x 16 mm
Nomenclature: An available name
Taxonomy: Synonym of Conus armiger Crosse, 1858
Current Group Names:-
Not appropriate for the name clarki
----------
Conus clarus Smith, 1881
Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Radula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 5, p. 442
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: West Australia
Type Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 26.7 x 14 mm
Nomenclature: An available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Austroconus Species:-clarus
Synonyms:- segravei Gatliff, J. H., 1891
Geographic Range:-S. Australia, W. Port Bay (Victoria) to Cape Leeuwin (W. Australia)
Habitat:-In 7-80 m; on sand substrate
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Moderately small to medium-sized, moderately light to moderately solid. Last whorl ventricosely conical, outline moderately convex adapically and less so toward base. Shoulder usually carinate, rarely angulate. Spire of moderate height to high, often stepped; outline straight to slightly concave. Larval shell of 2-2.25 whorls, maximum diameter 1-1.2 mm. Postnuclear spire whorls carinate except for first 2-3 whorls. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, with 2-3 increasing to 4-8 variably arranged spiral grooves, often weaker and with spiral striae in latest whorls. Last whorl smooth, except distinct spiral ribs on basal third, paired and grading to ribbons toward centre.
Ground colour white to pale pink. Last whorl with fusing pale violet-brown or orange-brown clouds concentrated on both sides of a subcentral spiral ground-colour band. Larval whorls white. Postnuclear sutural ramps with radial streaks matching last whorl pattern in colour. Aperture pink, violet, or orange-brown.
Shell Morphometry
L 27-54 mm
RW 0.06-0.26 g/mm
RD 0.57-0.67
PMD 0.80-0.85
RSH 0.15-0.32
Varies from white or pink shell to one with pink or orange flammules; spire usually has pattern;
Specimens with strong pink flammules were named segravei.