Course paper

-Teaching Strategies to Include Stories:
"Should we schedule time for it, or should it be organic? Should we attach requirements to storytelling, or simply allow it for fun? Honestly, there’s no right or wrong way to include them. Here are a few simple approaches you might take to include storytelling in your classroom:

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  Share your own stories, just for fun: Tell them about when you were their age, about times you failed, succeeded, or about memorable lessons you learned. This builds a strong connection between you and your classroom, letting them know that you can relate to them, and vice versa.
  
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  Use stories as introductions: Just as we encourage students to use attention-getting devices for their essays and speeches, we can use the same technique as educators. Begin class with an interesting story, but one that is relevant to the lecture’s focus.
  
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  Use stories as illustrations: When you’re hammering through a relatively difficult concept with your class, one easy way to explain it is to illustrate the concept with a story. When facts and figures won’t do, simple narratives sometimes can.
  
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  Tie storytelling to learning goals: We want our students to develop listening skills, and we can incorporate storytelling into the larger picture of achieving these outcomes.
  
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  Tell stories to engage reluctant learners: Some students experience difficulty connecting to drab textbooks or abstract concepts. However, those same learners typically have little struggle connecting to stories. Through telling stories, you make life and learning more relevant, giving reluctant learners a better angle of engagement.
  

There are several different types of stories you could potentially tell in your classroom. Harbor knowledge of each type, so if you’re lacking in one kind, you can replace it with another.

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  A true story from your own life.
  
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  A true story from the life of someone you know, like a friend, family member, or neighbor.
  
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  A true story from the news or a current event.
  
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  A story that took place sometime in history.
  
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  A fictional story, with made up characters or events.
  
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  An “Imagine if …” story that sets up a hypothetical situation.
  

Of course, there are various genres and styles of storytelling, but the above list represents the essential variety that you might incorporate into the classroom."

2.3 SAMPLE LESSON PLAN FOR USING STORYTELLING

There many lesson plans that are used stories in. If teachers use this kind of lesson plan in their lesson, the lesson will be successful. Adapt this plan for your own class. Here are some issues to consider as you choose a story and plan to tell it. Choose a story you know well and that your students know well in uzbek or their local language. It can be from a book, but you will need to tell it aloud without the book. The story might be linked to a topic in your textbook, or it might be linked to a local festival or community event. The story might be important to students’ experiences in a general way, or it might develop their knowledge in a specific subject area such as science, history or geography. Perhaps the story has a moral message that you feel is important for students to learn.

Perhaps you will choose a traditional tale. Why is this story a good one for your class?
• Consider the story in terms of its length. Can it be told in a short space of time?
• Consider the story in terms of complexity. Does it use familiar or unfamiliar words and phrases?
• Where in the story will you be able to stop and invite students to join in with you or repeat after you?
• Consider whether the story is inclusive from the perspective of marginalised groups. Will any student
feel left out or embarrassed by the story?
• Think about what props or pictures you have or you need to make, to help the story come alive for the
students. Will you need, for instance, pictures of a hat, a broom or a lamp? Or will you use real objects?
Preparation:
• Choose a story you know well.
• Prepare a simple version of the story in English.
• Practise telling it, so that you are confident.
• Select key words and phrases. Choose words and phrases that are important to the story and are repeated in the story, so that students have more than one opportunity to listen and practise them. Make these words and phrases memorable and manageable, so that students will enjoy learning them.
• Write the key words and phrases in English on word cards.
• Make pictures (draw them or cut them out of a magazine) to match the word cards. Or use objects, such as a hat, broom or pot.
• Practise telling the story using the word cards and pictures or objects.
• Find moments in the story where you can stop and ask students to repeat after you, or to join in a repeating phrase.
• Decide how you will prepare the students to listen to the story (rhyme, song, drum, bell or other method).
In the lesson:
• Prepare the students for a story so that they are all listening (ring a bell, beat a drum, clap).
• Tell them they will hear a story in English and practise English together with you.
• Tell the story. Speak slowly. Use gestures and facial expressions. Show the word cards, pictures or objects. Encourage students to repeat and join in.
• Practise together the repeating words or phrases in English, matching words with pictures or objects.
After the story:
• Keep the English words and phrases on the wall so that students can continue to read and practice them.
• Encourage the students to retell the story in English.
• When you tell the story again, ask the students questions such as ‘Now, what happened next?’, ‘Where did that happen?’ or ‘Who did that?’ Take this as an opportunity to assess students’ understanding.
Resource 2: Storytelling, songs, role play and drama
Students learn best when they are actively engaged in the learning experience. Your students can deepend their understanding of a topic by interacting with others and sharing their ideas. Storytelling, songs, role play and drama are some of the methods that can be used across a range of curriculum areas, including maths and
science.
Stories help us make sense of our lives. Many traditional stories have been passed down from generation to generation. They were told to us when we were young and explain some of the rules and values of the society that we were born into. Stories are a very powerful medium in the classroom: they can:
• be entertaining, exciting and stimulating
• take us from everyday life into fantasy worlds
• be challenging
• stimulate thinking about new ideas
• help explore feelings
• help to think through problems in a context that is detached from reality and therefore less threatening.
When you tell stories, be sure to make eye contact with students. They will enjoy it if you use different voices for different characters and vary the volume and tone of your voice by whispering or shouting at appropriate times, for example. Practise the key events of the story so that you can tell it orally, without a book, in your own words. You can bring in props such as objects or clothes to bring the story to life in the classroom. When you introduce a story, be sure to explain its purpose and alert students to what they might learn. You may need to introduce key vocabulary or alert them to the concepts that underpin the story. You may also consider bringing a traditional storyteller into school, but remember to ensure that what is to be learnt is clear to both the storyteller and the students.
Storytelling can prompt a number of student activities beyond listening. Students can be asked to note down all the colours mentioned in the story, draw pictures, recall key events, generate dialogue or change the ending. They can be divided into groups and given pictures or props to retell the story from another perspective. By analysing a story, students can be asked to identify fact from fiction, debate scientific explanations for phenomena or solve mathematical problems. Asking the students to devise their own stories is a very powerful tool. If you give them structure, content and language to work within, the students can tell their own stories, even about quite difficult ideas in maths and science. In effect they are playing with ideas, exploring meaning and making the abstract understandable through the metaphor of their stories.
The use of songs and music in the classroom may allow different students to contribute, succeed and excel. Singing together has a bonding effect and can help to make all students feel included because individual performance is not in focus. The rhyme and rhythm in songs makes them easy to remember and helps language and speech development. You may not be a confident singer yourself, but you are sure to have good singers in the class that you can call on to help you. You can use movement and gestures to enliven the song and help to convey meaning. You can
use songs you know and change the words to fit your purpose. Songs are also a useful way to memorise and retain information – even formulas and lists can be put into a song or poem format. Your students might be quite inventive at generating songs or chants for revision purposes.
Role play is when students have a role to play and, during a small scenario, they speak and act in that role, adopting the behaviours and motives of the character they are playing. No script is provided but it is important that students are given enough information by the teacher to be able to assume the role. The students enacting the roles should also be encouraged to express their thoughts and feelings spontaneously. Role play has a number of advantages, because it:
• explores real-life situations to develop understandings of other people’s feelings
• promotes development of decision making skills
• actively engages students in learning and enables all students to make a contribution
• promotes a higher level of thinking.
Role play can help younger students develop confidence to speak in different social situations, for example, pretending to shop in a store, provide tourists with directions to a local monument or purchase a ticket. You
can set up simple scenes with a few props and signs, such as ‘Café’, ‘Doctor’s Surgery’ or ‘Garage’. Ask your students, ‘Who works here?’, ‘What do they say?’ and ‘What do we ask them?’, and encourage them to interact in role these areas, observing their language use. Role play can develop older students’ life skills. For example, in class, you may be exploring how to resolve conflict. Rather than use an actual incident from your school or your community, you can describe a similar but detached scenario that exposes the same issues. Assign students to roles or ask them to choose one for themselves. You may give them planning time or just ask them to role play immediately. The role play can be performed to the class, or students could work in small groups so that no group is being watched. Note that
the purpose of this activity is the experience of role playing and what it exposes; you are not looking for polished performances or Bollywood actor awards.
It is also possible to use role play in science and maths. Students can model the behaviours of atoms, taking on characteristics of particles in their interactions with each other or changing their behaviours to show the impact of heat or light. In maths, students can role play angles and shapes to discover their qualities and
combinations.
Using drama in the classroom is a good strategy to motivate most students. Drama develops skills and confidence, and can also be used to assess what your students understand about a topic. A drama about students’ understanding of how the brain works could use pretend telephones to show how messages go from the brain to the ears, eyes, nose, hands and mouth, and back again. Or a short, fun drama on the terrible consequences of forgetting how to subtract numbers could fix the correct methods in young students’ minds. Drama often builds towards a performance to the rest of the class, the school or to the parents and the local community. This goal will give students something to work towards and motivate them. The whole class should be involved in the creative process of producing a drama. It is important that differences in confidence levels are considered. Not everyone has to be an actor; students can contribute in other ways (organising, costumes, props, stage hands) that may relate more closely to their talents and personality. It is important to consider why you are using drama to help your students learn. Is it to develop language (e.g.asking and answering questions), subject knowledge (e.g. environmental impact of mining), or to build specific skills? Be careful not to let the learning purpose of drama be lost in the goal of the performance.

CONCLUSION

This course paper intended to describe the storytelling and its importance of using in teaching foreign languages, especially in English language teaching. Stories help to teachers to teach the language effectively therefore, it is believed that is an effective and helpful tool. As we have already seen, storytelling was a means of expressing different experiences, emotions, feelings and also ideas in different forms of transfer and dates back to ancient times.
Nowadays it has finally become a very important teaching technique which can develop linguistic skills and also have numerous affective benefits for social and emotional aspects. Stories help children to know themselves and to know others so they can cope with the psychological problems of growing.
As Paulo Freire affirms: “teaching is not just about transferring knowledge, it is creating the possibility of producing it”.
With storytelling we motivate pupils and give them the opportunity to produce their own knowledge through different meaningful activities and learning situations. Children learn English through English. It is a way of confirming that language is something you actually learn and use “for real” and therefore pupils will be willing to make an effort in order to acquire English as a second language because they will find it useful. On the other hand, children love listening to stories again and again. As teachers will should take advantage of this situation a teach English through storytelling. Pupils will get enjoy English. Stories an ideal tool in learning language as they guide us through our whole life. So, not only learning our mother tongue, but also other foreign languages through stories can make our effort more interesting, amusing and memorable. Students have an amazing ability to absorb language when activities are familiar and enjoyable to them. Teaching foreign language on the base of storytelling is exactly the activity which is both familiar and it is fun. Stories are for all of us, not just for children, that is why using them in teaching adolescents is as important as using them in teaching young children. Stories can attract students’ attention, because they provide challenging topics based on their everyday interests such as love and friendship. They also provide a huge space for fantasy and creativity. Stories may link English with other subjects across the curriculum, which I demonstrate in my theses. They teach students to think. All skills, functions and structures may be taught by stories. Vocabulary, pronunciation and creativity may be developed.
Finally, I would like to say that storytelling can be fun and can be used with an educational purpose. It all depends on the teacher and if he or she is willing to provide pupils the best. Storytelling provides many possibilities in the English classroom.

REFERENCE LIST:

1. 
   Harriot, w. A.and Martin, S. S. (2004). Using culturally responce activities to promote social competence and classroom community. Teaching exceptional children 37 (1), 48-54.
   
2. 
   Mallan, K. (1992) Children as storytellers. Portsmouth: Heinemann Educational Books, Inc.
   
3. 
   Brice, r. G.(2004). Connecting oral and written language through applied writing strategies. Invention in school and clinic 40(1), 38-47.
   
4. 
   Isbell, R., Sobol, J., Lindauer, L,& Lowrence,A. (2004). The effects of storytelling and story reading on the oral language complexity and story comprehension of young children. Early childhood education journal 32, 157-163.
   
5. 
   Cameron, L. (2001). Teaching languages to young learners. Cambridge Language Teaching Library. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   
6. 
   Wajnryb, R. (2003). Stories: Narrative activities in the language classroom. Cambridge Handbooks for Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
   
7. 
   Huang, H. (2006). The effects of storytelling on EFL young learners` reading comprehension and word recall. English Teaching and Learning, 30(3), 51-74.
   
8. 
   Nicolas, B., Rossiter M.,& Abbot, M. (2011). The Power of story in the ESL classroom. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 67(2), 247-268.
   
9. 
   Soleimani, H.,& Akbari, M. (2013). The effects of storytelling on children`s learning vocaculary. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 4(11), 4005-4014.
   
10. 
    Rebecca Isbell. (2002). Telling and retelling stories: Learning Language and Literacy.
    
11. 
    Curtain, H. A.,&Dahlberg, C. A. (2009). Languages and children making the match new languages for young learners, grades K-8.
    
12. 
    Ur, P. (1996) A course in language teaching: practice and theory. Cambridge University Press
    

1^ Harriot, w. A.and Martin, S. S. (2004). Using culturally responce activities to promote social competence and classroom community. Teaching exceptional children 37 (1), 48-54.

2^ Mallan, K. (1992). Children as storytellers. Portsmouth: Heinemann Educational Books, Inc.

3^ Brice, r. G.(2004). Connecting oral and written language through applied writing strategies. Invention in school and clinic 40(1), 38-47.

4^ Isbell, R., Sobol, J., Lindauer, L,& Lowrence,A. (2004). The effects of storytelling and story reading on the oral language complexity and story comprehension of young children. Early childhood education journal 32, 157-163.

5^ Cameron, L. (2001). Teaching languages to young learners. Cambridge Language Teaching Library. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

6^ Wajnryb, R. (2003). Stories: Narrative activities in the language classroom. Cambridge Handbooks for Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

7^ Huang, H. (2006). The effects of storytelling on EFL young learners` reading comprehension and word recall. English Teaching and Learning, 30(3), 51-74.

8^ Nicolas, B., Rossiter M.,& Abbot, M. (2011). The Power of story in the ESL classroom. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 67(2), 247-268.

9^ Soleimani, H.,& Akbari, M. (2013). The effects of storytelling on children`s learning vocaculary. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 4(11), 4005-4014.

10^ Rebecca Isbell. (2002). Telling and retelling stories: Learning Language and Literacy.

11^ Curtain, H. A.,&Dahlberg, C. A. (2009). Languages and children making the match new languages for young learners, grades K-8.

12^ Ur, P. (1996) A course in language teaching: practice and theory. Cambridge University Press