Jaguar (
Panthera onca)
Care Manual
66
Association of Zoos and Aquariums
Because food, shelter, and
water are provided under zoo
management, the need to search for them is removed, and
psychological stimulation becomes an important component of
animal management. Research studies have shown that a
good enrichment program can decrease stereotypic behaviors
or increase an animal’s activity. One institution conducted a
three month study on fourteen felids (including one jaguar)
using bones, spices, and trout frozen in ice. Overall, the animals showed increased activity levels
when presented with the enrichment items. On days the spices and
frozen fish were presented,
there was a decrease in stereotypic pacing. The jaguar showed a 56.52% decrease in stereotypic
pacing on days he was presented with the frozen fish (Skibiel
et al., 2007). A 24-day study of 14
managed jaguars was done at one institution in Argentina. The study used various scents to
establish if stimulating the jaguars’ sense of smell would result in decreased resting and pacing. The
scent enrichment resulted in an increase in playing and a decrease in resting, but no proportional
change in pacing was observed (Glickman, 2005). Results of different enrichment studies can vary
because of individual personalities and background. Ongoing research studies are needed to identify
specific ways to understand and further enhance managed jaguars’ specific needs.
General examples and ideas are suggested here to encourage creativity, and more specific
information is available in Appendix M. However, approval methods for environmental enrichment vary
among institutions, the best safety and animal welfare being the ultimate goals. All enrichment should
have area veterinarian and management approval before being provided to jaguars. Olfactory enrichment
can encourage natural behaviors such as scent marking and exploratory behavior. Extracts such as
spices and perfumes, as well as different hunting scents and animal fur or feathers, can be used. Items
sourced from other animals should always be frozen to remove parasites. Hearing possible prey animals
or another jaguar can stimulate exploratory behavior. A radio can be stimulating or comforting for a
jaguar.
To promote species-appropriate hunting and feeding behaviors, jaguars can be offered edible items
in a way that requires the cats to work for the food. Obesity, lethargy, and self-trauma could all indicate
boredom and lack of species-specific hunting opportunities for jaguars. Providing enrichment
opportunities on a randomized schedule will help to prevent the development of stereotypic behaviors,
and ensure that the animals do not become desensitized to the presence of the enrichment initiatives.
Food items used for enrichment or training purposes should be counted against the overall caloric
intake for an animal, not in addition to the base diet. This will prevent undesirable weight gain. Jaguars
should be separated whenever possible at feeding time. See Chapter 6 for more
detailed information on
diet. Natural feeding practices using an environmental enrichment approach can stimulate foraging
behavior and increase activity levels while lowering potential stereotypic behaviors. Random patterns of
use should act as a variable reinforce in keeping with operant conditioning.
It is recommended that institutions develop a list of approved enrichment initiatives for jaguars and
that this should be available and used by animal caretakers. Animal caretakers should take a
programmatic approach to jaguar enrichment (e.g., see
www.animalenrichment.org
) to ensure that
enrichment initiatives are developed, implemented, and then evaluated in a way that maximizes their
ability to promote species-appropriate behaviors. Effective enrichment initiatives can have a significant
impact on the welfare of managed jaguars. When
selecting enrichment items, jaguar managers should
keep in mind the strength of the species’ bite, and that its mode of predation often does include the “killing
bite”. Anecdotal reports indicate that jaguars are more likely to destroy and consume enrichment items
that individuals from the other big cat species may not damage (See Appendix M for more specifics on
enrichment items used for jaguars) (AZA Jaguar SSP Management Group and Advisors, personal
communication, 2014).
9.3 Staff and Animal Interactions
Animal training and environmental enrichment protocols and techniques should be based on
interactions that promote safety for all involved. As has been stated or implied throughout this manual,
this species is intelligent, strong, and possesses lightning reflexes. Sharing space with jaguars older than
six months, while the animals are not under anesthesia, is strongly discouraged. As early as 90 days of
AZA Accreditation Standard
(1.6.2) The
institution must have a
specific paid staff member(s) or
committee assigned for enrichment
program oversight, implementation,
assessment, and interdepartmental
coordination of enrichment efforts.
Jaguar (
Panthera onca)
Care Manual
67
Association of Zoos and Aquariums
age, even protected contact should generally be avoided, and then conducted only when every possible
measure to separate people from jaguar teeth and claws has been taken.
In most instances, it is recommended to involve more than one person when working directly with
large carnivores. However, this is a safety assessment that must be
made by each institution, often
guided by the professional opinion(s) of state and federal regulatory officers. When shifting jaguars from
one area to another, maintaining visibility of the animals and the functionality of doors, gates, and other
mechanisms is important.
The single most important factor to successful husbandry would be the long-term, stable relationships
established between keepers and jaguars. Keeper interaction through vocalization, tactile, feeding, and
operant conditioning that develops a positive exchange with a cat is an integral part of this relationship.
This type of relationship not only provides reassurance to an agitated specimen and diffuses aggressive
behavior, but it also often allows access for examinations and veterinary procedures.
Jaguars patrol their home ranges frequently, are excellent climbers and swimmers, and make use of
vegetation as cover. Designing an exhibit to showcase those behaviors provides built-in environmental
enrichment. Jaguars are known to have periods of activity around the clock. Yet in most institutions they
are in the exhibit itself less than one-third of the day. Providing exhibit furniture and the ability to increase
the complexity and enrichment opportunities within off-exhibit enclosures (anchor points and
reinforced
attachment for large items, etc.) will play an important role in helping to improve the psychological welfare
of jaguars. Likewise, maintaining awareness of the animals’ preferred daily routine can have important
impacts – both positive and negative – on staff interaction with them.
Functionally, a jaguar exhibit should not contain any areas where animals cannot be observed by
staff. Having a section of transfer chute that can be closed down to approximately one body length is
useful, and some institutions have successfully employed actual squeeze chutes/cages. Care should be
taken in facility design so that passing through such a restraint device is part of cats’ routine travel to and
from the exhibit, but at the same time, that one animal refusing to shift or transfer does not prevent the
shifting of others. The use of meat-sticks to provide rewards for correct behavior is successful, and safer
than hand-feeding (AZA Jaguar SSP Management Group and Advisors, personal communication, 2014).
9.4 Staff Skills and Training
Jaguar staff members should be trained in all areas of jaguar behavior management. Funding should
be provided for AZA continuing education courses, related meetings, conference participation, and other
professional opportunities. A reference library appropriate to the size and complexity of the
institution
should be available to all staff and volunteers to provide them with accurate information on the behavioral
needs of the animals with which they work.
Supervised, on-the-job training, followed by a formal competence assessment and approval by
someone experienced in managing jaguars or, at minimum, other
Panthera species is strongly
recommended.
One of the best ways to build confidence, experience, and a professional network is to send potential
jaguar keepers to job-shadow and train at an institution already successfully managing the species. The
AZA Jaguar SSP recommends that institutions seeking a first-time pairing and breeding
recommendation
demonstrate proficiency in caring for and breeding jaguars or have the endorsement of an approved AZA
Jaguar SSP participant.
As with training for all animals, it is important for keepers training and caring for jaguars to understand
and apply the basic terminology (e.g., the difference between positive and negative reinforcement). The
observation skills of staff members should also be in tune and responsive to visual and vocal cues given
by jaguars that indicate their psychological state (e.g., fear, aggression, playfulness, sexual
receptiveness, etc.).
As with all animal care work, observation skills, critical thinking and a capability to successfully utilize
the required physical tools and facilities are necessary fundamentals for safely and
successfully
managing jaguars. It should never be forgotten, working with this species, that simple errors can have
potentially fatal consequences (AZA Jaguar SSP Management Group and Advisors, personal
communication, 2014).