Data collection and analysis tools for food security and nutrition

World Health Organization
. https://
www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-
answers/item/social-determinants-of-health-
key-concepts
WHO & UNICEF. 
2020. 
Use of nutrition data in 
decision making: a review paper. https://www.
who.int/publications/m/item/use-of-nutrition-
data-in-decision-making-a-review-paper
Wilkinson, M.D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, 
Ij.J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., 
Blomberg, N. 
et al. 2016. The FAIR Guiding 
Principles for scientific data management 
and stewardship. 
Scientific Data, 3(1): 160018. 
https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18
Wolfert, J., Ge, L., Verdouw, C. & Bogaardt, M.J. 
2017. Big Data in Smart Farming – A review. 
Agricultural Systems, 153: 69–80. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.01.023

---

[
123
REFERENCES
World Bank. 
2018. Blockchain & Distributed 
Ledger Technology (DLT). In: 
World Bank
. https://
www.worldbank.org/en/topic/financialsector/
brief/blockchain-dlt
World Bank. 
2021. 
World Development Report 
2021: Data for Better Lives. https://www.
worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2021
World Bank, UNSD, & Paris21.
2022. S
urvey on 
the Implementation of the Cape Town Global 
Action Plan for Sustainable Development 
Data. Text/HTML. Washington, DC, World 
Bank Group. https://documents.worldbank.
org/en/publication/documents-reports/
documentdetail/826351643712794722/
Survey-on-the-Implementation-of-the-Cape-
Town-Global-Action-Plan-for-Sustainable-
Development-Data
World Food Program (WFP). 
2021. Technical 
guidance for WFP’s consolidated Approach for 
Reporting Indicators of Food security (CARI). 
https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-
0000134704/download/
Wright, B.
1999. Common Sense for 
Measurement. 
Rasch Measurement 
Transactions, 13(3): 704.
Yeung, K. 
2018.
A Study of the Implications of 
Advanced Digital Technologies (Including AI 
Systems) for the Concept of Responsibility Within 
a Human Rights Framework. SSRN Scholarly 
Paper. ID 3286027. Rochester, NY, Social Science 
Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/
abstract=3286027
Yoshida, S. 
2016. Approaches, tools and methods 
used for setting priorities in health research in 
the 21st century. 
Journal of Global Health, 6(1). 
https://www.jogh.org/documents/issue201601/
jogh-06-010507.pdf
Zeevi, D., Korem, T., Zmora, N., Israeli, D., 
Rothschild, D., Weinberger, A., Ben-Yacov, O. 
et al. 2015. Personalized Nutrition by Prediction 
of Glycemic Responses. 
Cell, 163(5): 1079–1094. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.001
Zins, C.
2007. Conceptual approaches for 
defining data, information, and knowledge. 
Journal of the American Society for Information 
Science and Technology, 58(4): 479–493. https://
doi.org/10.1002/asi.20508

---

124 
]
Access (as a 
dimension of food 
security) 
Having personal or household financial means to acquire food for an adequate 
diet at a level to ensure that satisfaction of other basic needs are not 
threatened or compromised; and that adequate food is accessible to everyone, 
including vulnerable individuals and groups (FAO, 2006). 
Agency (as a 
dimension of food 
security) 
Individuals or groups having the capacity to act independently to make choices 
about what they eat, the foods they produce, how that food is produced, 
processed and distributed, and to engage in policy processes that shape 
food systems (HLPE, 2020). The protection of agency requires sociopolitical 
systems that uphold governance structures that enable the achievement of 
FSN for all (HLPE, 2020). 
Artificial 
Intelligence (AI) 
The theory and development of computer systems to enable them to carry 
out tasks commonly associated with human intelligence. AI includes specific 
fields such as machine learning, perception, robotics and natural language 
processing. Computer vision and deep learning can be used to support visual 
perception. 
Availability (as a 
dimension of food 
security) 
Having a quantity and quality of food sufficient to satisfy the dietary needs 
of individuals, free from adverse substances, and acceptable within a given 
culture, supplied through domestic production or imports (FAO, 2006). 
Big data 
High-volume, high-velocity, high-variety and/or high-veracity information 
assets that demand cost-effective, innovative forms of information processing 
for enhanced insight, decision-making, and process automation (Gartner, n.d.). 
Blockchain 
technology (or 
Distributed Ledger 
Technology) 
A decentralized, distributed ledger such that the data units are broken up into 
shared blocks that are chained together with unique identifiers in the form of 
cryptographic hashes (World Bank, 2018). 
Citizen science 
Scientific research that actively involves the public in the collection of 
information to help advance scientific knowledge and address the gap between 
science and society at large (Sauermann