Dynamic Changes In Hydroecological Conditions For The Distribution Of Sokh Cones And Issues Of Their Protection Mirzahmedov Ismoiljon Karimjon ugli

Table 1
Amount of water used from water sources in Southern Fergana by administrative regions (million m³)

Name of districts	Total amount of water taken	Including
		From the river bed	From internal streams and rivers	From underground water	From Zovur
Besharik	337,9	281,6	38,7	8,5	9,0
Bagdod	303,6	195,6	99,4	2,3	6,3
Buvaida	264,7	205,9	44,4	0,1	14,1
Dangara	304,7	189,9	97,0	5,6	12,2
Uzbekistan	306,8	78,1	216,1	7,8	4,8
Uchkuprik	268,4	140,5	121,6	3,6	2,7

Source: Syrdarya - Sokh irrigation system is compiled based on the information of the basin administration.

The level of salinity of irrigated soils in all regions of the region is closely related to the level of mineralization of underground water. If the amount of mineral salts in the groundwater is low, the agricultural soils are less saline, and vice versa, the higher the level of mineralization of the groundwater, the stronger the soils are saline. The level of underground water and its level of mineralization in the Sokh conical spread obey certain laws in its geographical distribution. Based on this law, the level of mineralization of the underground water of the area increases from the top to the bottom, and the salinity level of the soil also increases in this direction.

The level of mineralization of groundwater on irrigated soils can be estimated as follows: if the content of mineral salts in groundwater is less than 0.5 g/l, it is most favorable for irrigated soils, if it is 0.5-2 g/l, it is favorable , 2-3 g/l is less comfortable, 3-4 g/l is very less comfortable, and more than 5 g/l is not comfortable. The interaction of groundwater and soil is given in the table. In the melioration assessment of landscape complexes, it is necessary to take into account the qualitative state of their soil cover and the quantitative change that occurred under the influence of natural geographical processes. It is known that the soil cover of the Sokh conical spread is mainly composed of brown-brown, meadow, swamp-meadow, swamp and saline soils.
Along with the rise in the level of underground waters, their chemical composition is also changing. In Andijan - Shakhrikhan, Norin, Namangan, Iskovot - Pishkurgan, Koqumboy, Olmos - Varzik, Altiariq - Beshalish underground water fields, where mineralization of underground water is high, the development of hilly zones has a big contribution. In Andijan, Asaka, Shahrikhan districts, the total hardness of underground water is higher than the permissible norm (REM) due to the influence of agriculture and industry.
As a result of the development of new lands and the development of irrigated agriculture, the chemical composition of underground water in the upper right and left part of the Sokh basin has changed significantly. Before land development, the total mineralization of underground water was 0.2-0.8 g/l, the total hardness was equal to 3-7 mg.eq/l. Since 1990, their total mineralization has increased to 1.0-1.3 g/l, total hardness to 15-20 mg.eq/l.
By 1993, underground waters with changed geochemical composition covered an area of 140 km2 in the eastern part, 90 km2 in the western part, and a total of 230 km2. Currently, the mineralization of the Sokh underground water field around the Baghdad section is 1.35 g/l, the hardness level is 18.5 mg.eq/l, in accordance with the territory of Rishton district, it is 1.1-3.9 g/l, the hardness is 15.2 It is observed up to -40.1 mg.evk/l. In the Yaipan area of the Sokh mine, the pollution that was discovered in 1986 is still present.
Development of land development and irrigated farming can be shown as the main factors polluting underground water in the area of Isfara underground water field. The upper parts of the Isfara underground water field are distinguished from other areas by the high level of pollution. The average mineralization of the underground water deposit is 1.03 g/l, the hardness is 1.08 mg.eq/l, while the mineralization in its upper parts is 1.3 g/l., the hardness reaches 8-16 mg.eq/l. Andijan, Asaka, Polvontash and other hills in Aravon, Akbura, Karadarya basins were actively developed after 1970. By the end of the 1980s, 29,300 new lands were acquired in these areas, and 12 pumping stations were built to supply them with water. As a result, the total mineralization of underground groundwater increased from 0.5-1.0 g/l to 1.5-2.3 g/l.
Areas with increased mineralization are 1.5-2.0 km wide at the foothills, and 4-5 km wide at the foothills of Andijan-Asaka hills. In these regions, not only groundwater, but also the geochemical composition of underground water in layers from 50 to 180 meters in depth has changed. The mineralization of groundwater in these layers increased from 0.3-0.8 g/l to 0.8-1.2 g/l, the total hardness increased from 3-6 mg.eq/l to 8-12 mg.eq/l . The level of mineralization of underground water in Marhamat district also increased to 1.2-2.1 g/l in 1986. The total hardness level is 14-20 mg. reached eq/l.
The mineralization of ground water in the Olmos-Varzik underground water field is 0.5-1.1 g/l, the hardness is 5.7-8.35 mg.eq/l, the mineralization in the Shoyon-Baymoq area is 0.6-1.2 g/l. l, the hardness reaches 8.1 - 10 mg.eq/l. The hydrochemical regime of the Kosonsoy underground water deposit has a certain characteristic over the years. Its mineralization is 0.08 - 0.84 g/l, hardness is 4.7 - 9.2 mg.eq/l. There are areas higher than these indicators, and in some places the mineralization of underground water reaches 1.04 g/l, and the total hardness reaches 14.9 mg.eq/l. In the Chortoksoy and Namangansoy basins of the Iskovot-Pishkaron underground water field, there are areas where the mineralization of underground water is up to 2-2.1 g/l, and the total hardness is higher than 25.2-26.4 mg eq/l. The mineralization of groundwater in the Chust-Pop underground water field is 0.3-0.7 g/l, the hardness is 2.25-8.3 mg.equiv/l, in some places the corresponding mineralization is 1.4 g/l and reaches 9.0 mg.eq/l.
The Namangan underground water deposit is characterized by its complex hydrochemical condition. The hardness of underground water in this area is 8.3 - 25.6 mg.equiv/l, mineralization is 1.1 - 2.1 g/l. The main reason for the high level of mineralization of underground water is the exploitation of hilly areas and irrigation farming. The mineralization of water in the Norin underground water field is 0.3-0.7 g/l, the hardness is 3.7-4.45 eq/l, and in the eastern areas of the water field it rises to 9.2-9.8 eq/l . The main reason for this can be the exploitation of Moylisoy hills and the increase of soil salinization in the region.
Soil is a natural product formed from various rocks on the earth, it has a unique structure, composition and a number of special properties. V.V. Dokuchaev was the first in the world to establish the science of soil science, studied the soil on a scientific basis. He proved that the formation of soil depends on several natural conditions, climate, topography, flora and fauna, and he determined that soils specific to that land appear in the natural zones of the entire surface of the earth. V.V. Dokuchaev's teaching about soil and zones will greatly help the correct zoning of various branches of agriculture in our country. This doctrine allows solving various agrocomplex activities depending on the soil conditions, such as tillage, proper use of fertilizers, setting of irrigation norms, creation of rotation schemes, and correct implementation of land reclamation works. Soil differs sharply from rocks in several of its properties, especially its fertility, the ability to provide new plants with water, air, and other life factors.
The geoecological basis of using the nature of the river basins is of crucial importance. In this regard, the organization and implementation of production in ecological balance-ecological situation-environmentally clean technology and products-environmental cleanliness and health systems is of great importance. In this respect, geoecological principles are close to or complement geographical principles, which develop in mutual dependence and communication. Along with the balance of natural components in the biosphere, the principle of mutual ecological balance between living nature and non-living nature is also of practical importance. According to this principle, there is an equal relationship between two types of nature in each natural boundary area, which requires them to be in a certain balance.
However, the disturbance of one of them as a result of external influence leads to a long-term (hundreds of centuries) balance failure. Based on the parameters of this disorder, the event is determined by the influence of several other events on the composition (interconnection of the chain of causes and effects). The ecological balance is very fragile, and in many cases it is related to the state of the geosystems, the impoverishment of the flora, and the disturbance of the soil cover.
The principle of ecological cleanliness of human labor is of practical importance in solving problems. This principle justifies the necessity of releasing various solid, liquid and gaseous wastes generated in the production process and daily life into the natural environment after they have been thoroughly cleaned and completely neutralized before being released into the atmosphere and water bodies. The implementation of this principle in practice is the most effective in stopping environmental pollution and its sustainable cleaning. In our opinion, it will be possible to achieve a clean-up of the natural environment with a gradual transition to partial implementation at first and then full implementation over time.
It is obvious to everyone that irrigated lands are the most economically efficient. However, the amount of gross produce obtained from irrigated lands and their cost are different in different oases, in other words, the economic efficiency is drastically different from each other. According to the results of the analysis of this situation, everything depends on the state of land reclamation. In fact, in oases where economic efficiency prevails, soil-ameliorative conditions are characterized by their convenience for the growth of crops and vice versa. Water consumption is high in regions with severe ecological and reclamation conditions. In order to effectively use land and water and achieve economic efficiency, it is first of all necessary to radically improve land reclamation conditions, introduce the technology of efficient water use, and then proceed to the use of agrotechnical and agromelioration measures. Because the effectiveness of mineral fertilizers and other measures will not be felt until the land is completely desalinated.