Ebbinghaus said this because psychology’s questions go back to the ancients

Angell described functionalism as a protest movement in his Presidential Address to the APA.

He saw functionalism as the study of mental operations or functions, not mental elements.

• Functionalism studies thinking, not thoughts.
• The structuralist asks “What is mind?” The functionalist asks “What is mind for?” Consciousness is adaptive.
• Functions are studied under real life conditions.
• Functionalism assumes a constant interplay between the psychological and the physical (they are one).

Angell supported comparative psychology (study of animal psychology).

• Angell supported comparative psychology (study of animal psychology).

• Angell listed 3 primary contributions of Darwin:

• Doctrine of instinct
• Idea of continuity among the minds of different species
• Study of the expression of the emotions.

• He was especially interested in the evolution of intelligence and the history of instinct, studying rats.

• Watson was his student. He was president of Yale.

Carr was a grad student at U of Chicago working with Watson and writing a dissertation on visual autokinetic effects (like Wertheimer).

• Carr was a grad student at U of Chicago working with Watson and writing a dissertation on visual autokinetic effects (like Wertheimer).

• In 1908, he replaced Watson and directed the animal laboratory at U of Chicago; in 1926 he became Dept Chair.
• In 1927, Carr was elected APA President.

• He used a flexible, wide-ranging, mature functionalist approach and was a careful, precise experimenter. He disliked being labeled.

Woodworth studied religion but became a teacher instead. Hearing G. Stanley Hall lecture and reading William James changed his life.

• Woodworth studied religion but became a teacher instead. Hearing G. Stanley Hall lecture and reading William James changed his life.

• He enrolled at Harvard to study psychology.
• He earned a graduate fellowship at Columbia to work with Cattell, earning his Ph.D.

• His early experiments were on transfer of training, testing the idea of formal discipline of the mind (muscular doctrine to exercise and develop mind).

• Negative transfer – driving on left, Dvorak keyboard.

Cattell offered Woodworth a position in his lab at Columbia, where he stayed the rest of his career.

• Cattell offered Woodworth a position in his lab at Columbia, where he stayed the rest of his career.

• Woodworth supervised testing of 1100 people at the St. Louis Exposition of 1904.

• Woodworth had a fair-minded view of racial differences in test performance.

• He said psychological characteristics are difficult to measure and always distributed within a population (within group variance is greater than between group).

Woodworth criticized the approach of studying differences in intelligence by assessing cultures.

• Woodworth criticized the approach of studying differences in intelligence by assessing cultures.

• Are modern Germans more intelligent than Romans?

• In 1906, APA appointed a group to study tests and measurements.

• He developed a test for neuroticism based on symptoms of shell shock and case histories of soldiers in WWI.
• This later became the basis for measures of neuroticism.

• He wrote a textbook “Experimental Psychology,” which became a definitive text.

Woodworth studied imageless thought with Kulpe.

• Woodworth studied imageless thought with Kulpe.

• Titchener claimed that sensations and images are always present in thinking.
• Woodworth tried to study the times when new ideas come to mind – not that frequent but without content.
• He concluded that new ideas are determined by memories of past experiences.

• People were able to imagine the Supreme Court Building but not count its columns (unless they had done so before).

Woodworth introduced the concept of drive to S-R learning theories – motivational states are important determinants of response to a stimulus.

• Woodworth introduced the concept of drive to S-R learning theories – motivational states are important determinants of response to a stimulus.

• Pulling a trigger causes a gun to fire, but the bullet’s velocity is determined by characteristics of the gun and bullet, not how hard the trigger is pulled.
• The same response can be elicited by many stimuli.

• “Dynamics of Behavior” addressed drives.

• His modified formula was S-O-R (O = organism).

The technical vocabulary of psychology consists of words that already have everyday meanings.

• The technical vocabulary of psychology consists of words that already have everyday meanings.

• Intelligence, habit, drive, feeling, emotion.
• Operational definitions are not completely satisfactory – intelligence is what an intelligence test measures.

• Woodworth suggested that psychology invent a technical vocabulary.

• Psychology should be called “motivology.”
• Conscious attitudes should be called “marbs” for Marbe
• Thoughts should be called kulps for Kulpe.