If we compare the structure of several languages, for example, Russian,
system of cases, parts of speech, affix types and word order. Although, these
categories have individual character in each language, they show that these
the present tense, which oppose one form of the present tense of the Russian,
French and German languages. Nevertheless, the form of the present tense is
common, universal, despite some deviations in the English language. We also
cannot imagine a language that does not have words or in which sentences do not
exist.
All these similar facts have universal linguistic character, reflecting certain
patterns of structure inherent in all languages. Such laws, common to all
languages, are called linguistic universals. In linguistic typology 2 main types of
universals are distinguished: absolute universals (characteristic of all known
languages, for example: every natural language has a system cases) and statistical
universals (almost all languages have nasal consonants).
However, since absolute universals do not make it possible to identify
specific features of individual languages, it has to be recognized that those
typologies and facts of a linguistic nature that are not present in all, but in the vast
majority of languages, acquire more importance for typology. So, in a number of
Indo-European languages there is a system of cases, starting with 8 cases, as in
the Marathi language in Central India, and ending with two cases, as in the
Scandinavian languages - Swedish, Danish, Norwegian. On the other hand, Indo-
European languages have a number of languages in which there is no declension
in the noun system. It is Bulgarian, French, Spanish, English.
1.
What is etalon language?
2.
What is language universal?
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