130
United States of 11 September 2001, upon which the United States and NATO‟s war in Afghanistan against
international terrorism and against the Taliban regime, the NATO military attack on Iraq in 2003, the war in
Georgia in 2008 with Russia in South Ossetia, NATO military attack on Yugoslavia in 1999, the events in
Libya, Egypt, Syria, current events in Ukraine and the group "Islamic State"...
Thus, the fear of a possible disturbance to global security will continue to exist. In such a space for
manoeuvre, particular importance belongs to the role and power of the intelligence and security intelligence
information collected for state governance, because this information shows the range of available choices of
action and allows them to decide. Of course, good intelligence does not always lead to wise political
decisions. However, generally speaking without quality intelligence information, political decisions and
actions will not be able effectively to respond to the actual conditions and reflect the
interests of international
security. In summary, intelligence is of vital importance for the process of planning decisions.
2.
GENERAL REMARKS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY / SAFETY
In the day-to-day lives we often hear the terms international order, international community,
international family of nations, and international security of nations…It is actually the modern system of
states –nations (currently there are 194 states in the UN) which is steered by the historical mainstream
defined by the Westphalia Peace from 1648 when the foundations of one decentralized system of sovereign
and equal national states were laid. These political entities – states equal in formal context but in fact
different compared to their power continuously and until present time are widespread across our planet.
These states which by definition do not recognize authority higher than their own, daily face the fateful
dilemma – war or peace. The system of the states operates on horizontal basis and in state of anarchy. In
international terms, the expression anarchy is used to label the absence of central authority (world
government) that is basic feature of the today‟s world order.
Hence the starting point in the exposure of the international security is the fact that the contemporary
system of international relations is based upon anarchic structure of the international society.
In
this context, the role of the international law is to establish any kind of control over the authority i.e.
power in this horizontal (anarchic) world order. Certainly, the law cannot eliminate the power of the states
but it can try to put it within legal frameworks, having into consideration that it is written a long time ago
that the attempt to ban the politics by the law is equal to the attempt to ban the reality.
However, the international law lays on certain structure of power of the international society that is
characterized by specific forms of political behavior and appropriate norms of conduct. In this sense, we can
talk about models of international system such as balance of powers, collective security and world
government.
Furthermore, basically the balance of the powers is a state in which the states pull their power with the
power of the other states in order to oppose to the center of the power that threatens with domination, stating
that the power can be neutralized by another power i.e. in terms of approximately equal powers of the unions
and thereof the chances for aggressive actions are being reduced. In the center of the idea of collective
security as an international system is the threat of potential aggressor that will face the collective action of
other states, including the military action, so that this potential aggressor can be defeated. So far there have
been two such attempts by creating global organizations as a
guarantor of world peace, the first in the
League
of Nations, which has proved to be unsuccessful and ended with the Second World War, and the second one,
by the United Nations, which is ongoing. The world government, however, is such a (hypothetical)
international system where the power is concentrated in one supranational authority, which possesses a
monopoly of power and the right to create a policy that is in charge of the states and their citizens. According
to this model, the world shall be ruled by a centre, or one super state, to which other countries shall assign
the sovereignty and thereof the state of anarchism shall be overcome and hence the main reason for
endangering international security/the war will be removed. In theory this is the most appropriate and
relevant solution, but the only drawback is that it is inapplicable in reality.
Therefore, these theoretical concepts help us understand the ways in which
people have tried and try to
control the power in the international society and thus to contribute to the priority task for the humanity, the
international security
245
.
245
See more: D. Maleski, International politics, Faculty of law at the University Ss Cyril and Methodius –Skopje, 2000.
131
3.
GENERAL NOTICE FOR THE INTELLIGENCE
The intelligence as a human activity directed towards collection of certain information, is probably as
old activity as the human civilization. However, with the formation of states, the intelligence gets its own
organizational and institutional forms. Thus, the states consist of officers - people who create and apply
policies, and need external security and intelligence information. I would leave aside the fact that in addition
to external security information, the states need as well internal-security information for the purpose of them
being able to perform their duties (this is a separate topic for analysis). Thereof, these people (the national
decision-makers) will make solid decisions only if they are well informed about the situation. However, the
people and institutions that are most in need of security-intelligence are the same ones who deal with the
creation and implementation of security policy. Hence, the most obvious beneficiaries of this information are
Presidents, Prime Ministers, their national security advisers, their deputies, the National Security Council,
the ministries of foreign affairs, ministries of interior and defence, generals who lead the uniformed
authorities.
Still, the collection of security-intelligence information can be in any of the following forms which do
not exclude each other: collection from open sources, covered intelligence, intelligence from human sources
and researches and technical collection of intelligence information. Certainly, the analysis is an important
element which consists of integration of raw intelligence data from all sources into ready-made intelligence
information. Whereas, the ready-made intelligence product can be simply stating the facts, assessment of the
capacities of the armed forces of any other nation, a projection of the likely course of political events in
another country, an analysis of the opportunities and the objectives of some terrorist groups.
After all, the national decision-makers just based on the external intelligence information affix their
signature for undertaking of a variety of secret operations which consist of all operations that are intended to
influence the foreign governments, persons or events in context of the political objectives of the government-
sponsor, at which occasion the support of that government for these operations is kept in secret. Today, the
terrorist organizations are highly significant target for secret operations. Usually, when we discuss the secret/
under covered data collection we put emphasis on the
secret of the activity, and at the shares, the emphasis is
on the secrecy of sponsorship. In this context, decisions made by national decision-makers can include
rocket-bomb attacks that are a serious challenge to international security.
However, the intelligence can be beneficial to national decision-makers in five separate areas: policy
creation, planning, conflict situations (which above all may cover from war situations to negotiations)
warning and monitoring of the
agreements abiding
246
.
I also should mention that the intelligence activity is interweaved and tightly connected to the counter-
intelligence that covers information and activities that have an objective to enter in the foreign intelligence
services for the purpose of their neutralization (this is a separate topic for analysis).
In summary, the intelligence may provide useful information for the disclosure of the threats and the
possible forms of endangerment of the international safety.
4.
INTELLIGENCE AND THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
In terms of international security, the role of intelligence is immense when national decision-makers
adopt the decisions. In this context, the starting point in the analysis is the fact that first, the absence of
central authority is at the international level, second is the human power of destruction that we cannot fully
eliminate, and third, the human potential for violence increases hugely with the creation of the state and the
rise of technology, the discovery of nuclear energy and development of rocket systems, and fourth, the
external security and intelligence information. The efforts to ensure the international security require a lot of
work that actually comes down to the aforementioned aspects.
So, in this space for manoeuvring, the mankind strives to international security, deeply aware of the
numerous conflicts of interests between states that arise from their aspirations for power,
wealth and prestige,
and does not allow building a hierarchy of interests in which, for example, the welfare of the international
society would have precedence over other interests.
However, the states still make an attempt to develop certain intelligence cooperation under the
auspices of the idea of international security, therefore, the public often hears the term "friendly service" or
"liaison officers" through which the cooperation at the intelligence plan is accomplished. According to this,
246
J. Richelson, The US Intelligence Community, Magor-Skopje, 2008