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 Female Employment, Earnings Inequality and Household Well-being: The case of urban Turkey
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| səhifə | 3/5 | | tarix | 12.10.2018 | | ölçüsü | 446,5 Kb. | | #73218 |
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Table 2: Characteristics of women by employment status
|
Non- working women
|
Regular wage earner
|
Casual wage earner
|
Employer
|
Self-employed
|
Unpaid family worker
|
Age
|
34.31
(13.28)
|
29.92
(8.93)
|
35.49
(10.75)
|
37.48
(9.98)
|
38.50
(9.85)
|
35.47
(12.68)
|
Years of
education
|
6.15
(3.67)
|
10.39
(3.93)
|
4.79
(3.14)
|
11.96
(4.4)
|
6.10
(4.19)
|
5.84
(3.29)
|
Prop. of
married
|
70.30
|
46.63
|
72.05
|
62.98
|
75.05
|
73.66
|
No. of
children
|
1.19
(1.29)
|
0.75
(0.90)
|
1.37
(1.39)
|
0.76
(0.81)
|
1.32
(1.36)
|
1.25
(1.35)
|
No. of
children per
married woman
|
1.04
(1.16)
|
0.65
(0.84)
|
1.19
(1.91)
|
0.61
(0.77)
|
1.14
(1.30)
|
0.98
(1.08)
|
Household size
|
4.61
(2.02)
|
4.15
(1.55)
|
4.62
(1.91)
|
3.67
(1.0)
|
4.63
(2.02)
|
5.40
(2.23)
|
Empld. men / all men (%)
|
64.67
|
60.71
|
62.69
|
65.3
|
56.68
|
81.37
|
wage earner
men / Empld. men (%)
|
46.73
|
51.0
|
48.07
|
31.41
|
37.66
|
14.93
|
Household income (×10^9)
|
5.79
(7.25)
|
9.50
(10.0)
|
4.30
(5.42)
|
23.70
(22.1)
|
6.37
(7.41)
|
6.09
(7.17)
|
Household non-wage inc. (×10^9)
|
1.52
(3.39)
|
1.49
(3.50)
|
0.65
(1.26)
|
6.32
(15.3)
|
1.36
(2.78)
|
0.92
(0.14)
|
Household inc excl.
personal earnings (×10^9)
|
5.79
(7.25)
|
6.25
(7.17)
|
3.43
(4.86)
|
14.10
(16.2)
|
4.80
(5.64)
|
6.09
(7.17)
|
Hrs of work
|
|
46.06
(14.58)
|
35.10
(18.80)
|
50.83
(16.91)
|
33.96
(21.71)
|
37.04
(20.98)
|
Months worked
|
|
10.37
(3.37)
|
8.73
(4.24)
|
10.98
(2.67)
|
10.37
(3.51)
|
10.17
(3.65)
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Earnings
(×10^9)
|
|
5.64
(6.97)
|
1.66
(1.87)
|
15.8
(22.3)
|
2.86
(4.36)
|
|
Hourly earnings (×10^7)
|
|
1.55
(3.78)
|
0.87
(2.29)
|
3.05
(3.64)
|
1.15
(2.80)
|
|
Sample size
|
21,011
|
2,286
|
668
|
46
|
274
|
518
|
Note. The figures in parentheses are standard deviations. Household income figures are corrected for household size and composition.
Table 3: Sectoral distribution of working women
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Regular wage earner
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Casual wage earner
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Employer
|
Self-employed
|
Unpaid family worker
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Agriculture
|
0.10
|
24.25
|
3.77
|
30.31
|
68.81
|
Manufacturing
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31.04
|
15.02
|
6.52
|
38.46
|
7.74
|
Sales
|
14.49
|
2.09
|
33.64
|
18.17
|
17.73
|
Financial Inter.
|
3.53
|
0.05
|
0.00
|
1.55
|
0.31
|
Real estate
|
6.10
|
0.49
|
4.29
|
4.91
|
1.34
|
Public Admin.
|
5.87
|
0.66
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
Education
|
15.17
|
0.85
|
8.34
|
0.00
|
0.23
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Health
|
9.86
|
0.97
|
15.06
|
2.0
|
0.00
|
Other social services
|
3.71
|
1.13
|
14.53
|
2.42
|
1.17
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Domestic work
|
2.60
|
53.92
|
0.00
|
1.52
|
0.00
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Other
|
7.53
|
0.57
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13.85
|
0.66
|
2.67
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Total
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
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Table 4: Distribution of women across work status by earnings quintiles (in %)
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Regular wage earners
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Casual wage earner
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Employer
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Self-employed
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Row total
|
Bottom 20%
|
48.41
|
37.74
|
0.19
|
13.65
|
100
|
2nd 20%
|
82.86
|
12.85
|
0.63
|
3.67
|
100
|
3rd 20%
|
88.93
|
6.88
|
0.98
|
3.20
|
100
|
4th 20%
|
94.74
|
1.46
|
2.01
|
1.80
|
100
|
Top 20%
|
87.31
|
0.96
|
6.13
|
5.61
|
100
|
Overall
|
73.09
|
18.28
|
1.33
|
7.30
|
100
|
Note: Includes women with earnings only.
Table 5: Distributional statistics on earnings
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All*
|
Regular wage earners
|
Casual wage earner
|
Employer
|
Self-employed
|
Women
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gini
|
0.515
|
0.451
|
0.500
|
0.529
|
0.624
|
SCV
|
2.050
|
1.524
|
1.274
|
1.939
|
2.319
|
Earnings at 10%
|
0.50
1.0
|
0.81
1.62
|
0.21
0.42
|
3.31
6.62
|
0.15
0.30
|
Earnings at median
|
3.45
1.0
|
4.21
1.22
|
1.08
0.31
|
9.08
2.63
|
1.44
0.42
|
Earnings at 90%
|
9.4
1.0
|
10.2
1.07
|
3.81
0.40
|
36.5
3.85
|
7.91
0.83
|
Men
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gini
|
0.453
|
0.391
|
0.368
|
0.469
|
0.436
|
SCV
|
1.695
|
0.942
|
0.547
|
1.634
|
1.034
|
Earnings at 10%
|
1.77
1.0
|
1.95
1.10
|
0.80
0.45
|
4.50
2.54
|
1.71
0.97
|
Earnings at median
|
5.32
1.0
|
5.31
0.99
|
2.51
0.47
|
11.5
2.16
|
5.51
1.04
|
Earnings at 90%
|
13.8
1.0
|
11.5
0.83
|
5.19
0.38
|
34.20
2.48
|
14.9
1.08
|
Note: *Excludes unpaid family workers. Earnings are in billion TL’s. Italic figures are equal to the above figure in cell divided by the earnings in that decile disregarding employment status.
Table 6: Schooling by employment status
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Regular wage earner
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Casual wage earner
|
Employer
|
Self-employed
|
Women
|
|
|
|
|
Illiterate
|
1.69
|
15.53
|
2.91
|
11.84
|
No diploma
|
1.63
|
9.47
|
0.0
|
7.55
|
Primary school
|
18.63
|
55.05
|
14.57
|
51.83
|
Secondary school
|
11.29
|
10.74
|
5.07
|
5.41
|
High school
|
34.28
|
6.86
|
23.07
|
15.62
|
Higher education
|
32.49
|
2.34
|
54.38
|
7.75
|
Average years of educ.
|
10.4
|
4.8
|
12.0
|
6.1
|
Men
|
|
|
|
|
Illiterate
|
0.59
|
5.14
|
0.11
|
1.68
|
No diploma
|
1.64
|
7.02
|
1.0
|
3.92
|
Primary school
|
36.84
|
63.99
|
39.75
|
56.05
|
Secondary school
|
16.84
|
11.72
|
14.34
|
14.66
|
High school
|
28.89
|
10.50
|
26.12
|
17.90
|
Higher education
|
15.19
|
1.62
|
18.68
|
5.80
|
Average years of educ.
|
8.6
|
5.7
|
8.8
|
5.9
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Table 7: Share of women’s earnings in household budget
|
Regular wage earner
|
Casual wage earner
|
Employer
|
Self-employed
|
Unpaid family workers
|
Household earnings
|
56.2
|
41.9
|
61.5
|
44.3
|
23.5
|
Household income
|
37.5
|
26.3
|
40.9
|
23.9
|
16.8
|
Note: Computed for households where there is at least one working women in the relevant category. Household earnings include the earnings of working age adults only. Household income includes all income inclusive of non-wage elements.
Table 8: Proportion of employed women and their share in earnings by quintiles
Quintile:
|
Bottom
|
2nd
|
3rd
|
4th
|
Top
|
|
Rank using household income including female earnings
|
Among women
|
|
|
|
|
|
Prop. employed
|
11.8
|
10.7
|
11.9
|
14.7
|
28.7
|
Prop. employed with earnings
|
10.4
|
9.0
|
10.3
|
13.2
|
27.1
|
Among all adults
|
|
|
|
|
|
Prop. employed
|
6.7
|
5.8
|
6.4
|
8.4
|
15.8
|
Prop. employed with earnings
|
6.0
|
5.0
|
5.6
|
7.7
|
15.0
|
Contr.to earnings
|
8.9
|
8.5
|
9.9
|
13.4
|
20.0
|
|
Rank using household income excluding female earnings
(but including those of unpaid workers)
|
Among women
|
|
|
|
|
|
Prop. employed
|
21.3
|
13.4
|
11.9
|
14.3
|
16.7
|
Prop. employed with earnings
|
20.0
|
12.0
|
10.3
|
12.7
|
14.9
|
Among all adults
|
|
|
|
|
|
Prop. employed
|
12.7
|
7.5
|
6.6
|
7.7
|
8.8
|
Prop. employed with earnings
|
12.0
|
6.8
|
5.8
|
6.8
|
7.9
|
Contr.to earnings
|
20.6
|
11.5
|
9.6
|
9.6
|
9.3
|
|
Rank using household income excluding all female earnings
|
Among women
|
|
|
|
|
|
Prop. employed
|
21.7
|
13.5
|
11.9
|
14.0
|
16.5
|
Prop. employed with earnings
|
19.9
|
11.9
|
10.4
|
12.7
|
15.0
|
Among all adults
|
|
|
|
|
|
Prop. employed
|
12.9
|
7.6
|
6.6
|
7.5
|
8.6
|
Prop. employed with earnings
|
11.9
|
6.8
|
5.8
|
6.8
|
7.9
|
Contr.to earnings
|
20.4
|
11.4
|
9.8
|
9.6
|
9.3
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