Female Employment, Earnings Inequality and Household Well-being: The case of urban Turkey

Table 9: Quintile assignments based on the two measures of household income

		Quintile assignments based on household income excluding female earnings
		Bottom	2^nd	3^rd	4^th	Top
Quintile assignments based on household income including female earnings	Bottom	1,686,590	272,744	0	0	0
		(86.1)	(13.9)	.	.	.
	2^nd	147,448	1,458,147	352,605	0	0
		(7.5)	(74.5)	(18.0)	.	.
	3^rd	71,021	124,665	1,405,712	357,559	0
		(3.6)	(6.4)	(71.8)	(18.3)	.
	4^th	37,319	84,569	141,913	1,401,189	293,725
		(1.9)	(4.3)	(7.3)	(71.5)	(15.0)
	Top	16,368	18,543	58,482	200,642	1,664,151
		(0.8)	(1.0)	(3.0)	(10.2)	(85.0)

Note: Table entries in each cell are frequencies with column percentages in parentheses.


Table 10: Before-and-after analysis for the impact of female earnings on inequality

Quintile:	Bottom	2^nd	3^rd	4^th	Top	All
	Inequality in income excluding female earnings
SCV	0.14	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.85	1.65
Gini coefficient	0.21	0.06	0.05	0.07	0.32	0.43
	Inequality in income excluding all female earnings inclusive of unpaid family workers
SCV	0.14	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.86	1.66
Gini coefficient	0.21	0.06	0.05	0.07	0.32	0.43
	Inequality in income including female earnings
SCV	0.10	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.81	1.65
Gini coefficient	0.18	0.06	0.05	0.07	0.32	0.44

Note: Households are re-ranked using various definitions of household income.

Table 11: The contribution of subcomponents to inequality

Factor	SCV	Share in total income (%)	Proportionate contribution of factor (%)	Per unit contribution
All sample
Male earnings	2.30	54.4	45.53	0.84
Female earnings	19.74	9.20	13.71	1.49
Other earnings	816.59	1.35	9.42	6.98
Non-wage income	3.63	35.01	31.34	0.90
Bottom quintile
Male earnings	0.46	63.44	61.84	0.97
Female earnings	11.08	4.59	1.52	0.33
Other earnings	119.51	0.50	0.54	1.08
Non-wage income	1.49	31.48	36.09	1.15
2^nd quintile
Male earnings	0.46	56.5	31.86	0.56
Female earnings	11.30	4.23	6.19	1.46
Other earnings	97.81	0.54	0.99	1.83
Non-wage income	0.96	38.74	60.96	1.57
3^rd quintile
Male earnings	0.44	55.99	47.60	0.85
Female earnings	8.51	4.89	8.87	1.81
Other earnings	121.26	0.44	1.68	3.82
Non-wage income	0.86	38.69	41.85	1.08
4^th quintile
Male earnings	0.43	55.76	53.38	0.96
Female earnings	5.87	7.30	16.5	2.26
Other earnings	173.7	0.32	0.25	0.78
Non-wage income	0.86	36.62	29.87	0.82
Top quintile
Male earnings	1.38	52.04	42.30	0.81
Female earnings	7.12	12.69	13.31	1.05
Other earnings	226.0	2.28	13.66	5.99
Non-wage income	2.44	32.99	30.74	0.93

Appendix
Table A1: Heckman ML coefficient estimates for the wage equation

Dependent variable: Ln (hourly wage)	Coefficient
Experience	0.060***
	[0.007]
Experience squared (1/100)	-0.101***
	[0.017]
Years of schooling	0.136***
	[0.013]
Agriculture	-0.509***
	[0.084]
Manufacturing	-0.184***
	[0.047]
Sales	-0.178***
	[0.064]
Domestic services	-0.004
	[0.061]
Regions: (ref: SE Anatolia)
Marmara	0.399***
	[0.112]
Aegean	0.223**
	[0.113]
Mediterranean	-0.024
	[0.116]
Central Anatolia	0.151
	[0.112]
Black Sea	-0.015
	[0.119]
East Anatolia	0.048
	[0.127]
Constant	13.604***
	[0.361]
N	25,248
Wald chi2(13)	433.42
Prob > chi2	0.000