8. English Summary
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Adorno, Scholem, and Materialist Theology. As it has been often men-
tioned and still more often ignored, there is a specific concept of “materialist
theology” that is inherent in Theodor W. Adorno’s philosophy: In contrast
to the existing society and its ideological blindness, the possibility of a free
humanity takes the shape of transcendence – and seen in this light, traditional
religious concepts of transcendence seem to preserve hopes for a possible
future. In Adorno’s words, one has to decide between “tautology” – capitalist
modernity and its telos of making all people and things identical, exchange-
able, and replaceable – and “theology” – the insight that there must be “more”
to it. Philosophy has to be written from the latter perspective, the shrinking
“standpoint” of “messianic light”– in order to reveal contemporary society
in all its deformation. This view denounces the seeming totality of capitalism
as “untrue” and broken. Adorno’s theology oscillates between metaphor and
metaphysics, between revolutionary theory and epistemology. These dialectics
between the sacred and the profane are inspired by Siegfried Kracauer and
Walter Benjamin. But Adorno himself was convinced that the latter’s theo-
logical agenda had to be attributed to “the” Kabbalah: Therefore, the work
of Gershom Scholem, Benjamin’s old friend and a prominent founder of his-
torical research on Kabbalah, seemed to be the possible source for the kind
of theology Adorno searched for. The historian of religion and the heretical
Marxist edited Benjamin’s work together, but they also discussed their views
on religion. The second chapter of this book examines the relation between
Adorno and Scholem. The two scholars worked in extremely different fields
and there are few positions that they shared, but still, one can name a number
of points on which they agreed: Both of them searched a kind of “hereti-
cal” metaphysics; both mistrusted remarks on “German Jewish Dialogue” and
especially – the Germans. The continuity of antisemitism after 1945 was one
of the core reasons for why Adorno trusted the Zionist Scholem, who had
emigrated to Palestine in 1923 and seemed to show a way of “profane” Jewish
existence in a displaced modernity. While Scholem remained skeptical towards
materialism and “the magical word society”, his reputation at the Frankfurt
469
According to my information, the most detailed discussion in English on the topic of this
study is Wasserstrom.
Adorno’s Kabbalah.
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Institute for Social Research was that of “unquestioned authority”, as Rolf
Tiedemann reported later: There seemed to be connections between the idea
of Zimzum (from Lurianic Kabbalah) and the dialectical thought of Schelling
and Hegel. Indeed, Schelling’s
Weltalter philosophy and its concept of “God’s
contraction” does show an indirect kabbalistic influence (and is, beyond
this fact, a connection to the writings of early Jürgen Habermas). Adorno’s
enthusiasm for Scholem and his research illustrates his attempt to carry on
Benjamin’s theological project. This constituted a connection between Frank-
furt and Jerusalem that is worth further study. One of its products is what one
could call Adorno’s own mysticism, even though he stressed that his knowl-
edge of the kabbalistic tradition was superficial and mostly mediated through
Scholem’s work (mainly
Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism). A close-reading of
Adorno’s texts reveals many incidental comments on Kabbalah and Jewish
Mysticism, though they are always short and never represent the main theme
of his examinations.
This study is an attempt at a comparative exegesis of his “kabbalistic” aph-
orisms, and tries to link these to the writings of Scholem and Benjamin. It
aims to shed light at some rarely discussed aspects from Adorno’s Œuvre,
ranging from his
Negative Dialectics to his aesthetics. I will argue that Adorno’s
work contains no concept whatsoever of transcendence as an ontological
“Hereafter”, but that isolated kabbalistic ideas become figures for the reflec-
tion of immanent experience. A well-known example may be the notion of a
“broken” world, which is linked to messianic “sparks” and “splinters”, a fig-
ure derived once more from Lurianic Kabbalah and shared by Benjamin. An
often-cited motif in Adorno’s rhetoric may illustrate the dynamics between
metaphorical use and philosophical meaning of such ideas in his writings.
With reference to the biblical ban on images, the Frankfurt School’s “Critical
Theory” does not make any statement on how redemption or utopia can be
thought of, let alone practically established. However, throughout Adorno’s
entire work, there are underlying hints at a better world in which people and
things are “in their right place”. This place is “just the way things are now, but
a little bit different”, or “different to the slightest degree”. Such wordings can
be traced back to the famous tales of Rabbi Nachman and found in the works
of Benjamin, Bloch, and Buber. According to Scholem, they express a gen-
uinely Jewish idea of salvation which knows no difference between ‘inward’
and ‘outward’: Not only an immortal soul but things
will
be rescued as well,
i. e.,
this world in its physical reality. Passing remarks like this one shed light