Can (could) va uning ekbibalenti to be able (to) quydagi lessik ma’nolarini anglatadi

TO HAVE TO
To have to must modal fe’lining ekvivalenti bo`lib, to`g`ri kelmoq va majbur bo`lmoq deb tarjima qilinadi. U hamma zamonlar uchun ishlatiladi.
He is invaled and has to have a nurse.
U nogiron va hamshira olishiuga to`g`ri keladi
She know what she had to do.
Nima qilish kerakligini bilgandi.
I shall have to reconsider my position
Sо‘roq va bо‘lishsiz formasida to habe to yordamchi fe’liga muxtoj bо‘ladi.
Sо‘roq va bо‘lishsiz formalarida va bо‘lishli formalarida ham oddiy infinitiv bilan ham keladi.
To have (to), to have got (to) va uning ma’nolarini quyidagicha izohlash mumkin. Must modal fe’lining ekvivalenti sifatida qo`llanuvchi to have fe’li infinitiv bilan ishlatilganligi uchun majbur bo`lmoq, bajarishga majbur bo`lib qolmoq kabi ma’nolarni anglatadi. To have to asosan ma’lum bir sharoitga, hodisaga bog`liqlikni anglatish uchun qo`llanadi. Masalan:
1. He had to see her tonight (P. Abrahams)
- U uni (ayolni) bugun kechqurun ko‘rishga majbur bo‘lib qoldi.
2. Why did old Tante have to live on the other side of the farm? (Th. Dreiser)
- Nima uchun qari Tante fermaning narigi chekkasida yashashga majbur bo‘lgan ekan?
3. I just have to go to Smith’s (P. Abrahams)
- Men Smitlarnikiga borishim kerak.
To have to har uchchala zamonda ham ishlatilishi mumkin.
A) Hozirgi zamonda:
1. But I have to think of you (A. E. Coppart)
2. I have to be in London for some days (G. K. Chaesterton)
B) o‘tgan zamonda
1. Stern had to walk through using a porket flash – light and not really sure whether he was on some one’s property. (B. J. Freidman)
2. She had to be bend and strain at it in order to pull it out (A. Huxley).
S) kelasi zamonda:
1. I think I shall have to go (A. E. Coppart)
2. It’s only our secrets price, Mummy clear, and we’ll tell you all about it the very minute it’s done: but please don’t ask me what it is now, or else, I’ll have to tell. (R. Kipling)
To have (to) shart maylida ham ishlatilishi mumkin:
1. One day in early summer it seemed, miraculously, that Stern would not have to sell his house and move away (B. J. Freidman)
2. She would to go home, that was all (Th. Dreiser)
To have (to) o‘rnida to have got (to) ham ishlatilishi mumkin:
You’ve got to have friends he screamed at her (B. J. Freidman)
To have (to) fe’lining o‘tgan va hozirgi zamondagi so‘roq va bo‘lishsiz formalari ko‘makchi fe’li yordamida yasaladi. Kelasi zamon so‘roq va bo‘lishsiz formalari esa inkor yuklamasi ishtirokida yasaladi.
Does he have to go right now?
He does not have to go right now.
She will not have to come so early tomorrow
Bо‘lishsiz formada ti have to zarur emaslikni kerak emaslikni ifodalaydi.
He has got to go right now.
Uni hozir jo`nab ketishiga to`g`ri keladi.
Has he got to go right now
Uni hozir jo`nab ketishiga to`g`ri keladimi?
He hasn’t got to go right now
Uni hozir jo`nab ketishiga to`g`ri kelmaydi.
Bu kombinatsiyalar o`tgan zamonda ham ishlatiladi. Lekin ko`p uchramaydi.
He had got to sell his car
U mashinasini sotishga majbur bo`ldi.
Bu frazalarni yaxshiroq bilishga harakat qilamiz. We had better kelgan gaplarda о‘rganamiz.
Had better is followed by the indifinite without to.