Character for Leadership: The Role of Personal Characteristics

Descriptive Statistics 
Table 3 gives the descriptive statistics for all study variables including the 
number of responses, means, and standard deviations. 
Table 3: Descriptive Statistics, 
N
= 101 
 
M SD 
Self-directedness 34.18 
7.07 
Cooperativeness 37.78 
3.07 
Self-transcendence 6.71 
3.07 
Visionary leadership 
190.37 
20.74 
Confident leadership 
18.94 
3.04 
Follower-centered leadership 
17.51 
2.20 
Social desirability 
5.99 
1.85 

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Character for Leadership 
52 
 
Missing responses in the data set were replaced using the practice of 
substituting the variable mean (Newton & Rudestam, 1999) so as not to reduce the 
total number of responses, thereby severely limiting the power of the analysis. To 
calculate the character scores for the TCI (Cloninger, Przybeck, et al., 1994), only 
the 107 items related to character were used in this study. The individual responses 
to TCI items were combined to create each composite subscale within each 
character scale. Each subscale score was then combined to create the composite 
score for the specific character scales. Table 4 lists the TCI character scales and 
their corresponding subscales. 
Table 4: TCI (Cloninger, Przybeck, et al., 1994) Character Subscales and 
Descriptive Statistics, 
N
= 101 
M SD 
Self-directedness
SD1 Responsibility vs. blaming 
7.24 
1.44 
SD2 Purposefulness vs. lack of goal direction 
6.50 
1.66 
SD3 Resourcefulness vs. inertia 
4.22 
1.13 
SD4 Self-acceptance vs. self-striving 
7.70 
2.90 
SD5 Congruent second nature vs. bad habits 
8.52 
2.59 
Cooperativeness
C1 
Social acceptance vs. social tolerance 
7.34 
.87 
C2 
Empathy vs. social disinterest 
5.54 
1.33 
C3 Helpfulness 
vs. 
unhelpfulness 
7.38 .77 
C4 
Compassion vs. revengefulness 
8.90 
1.38 
C5 Integrated 
conscience 
vs. self-serving advantage 
8.61 
.66 
Self-transcendence
ST1 
Creative 
self-forgetfulness vs. self-consciousness 
4.39 
2.19 
ST2 
Transpersonal 
identification 
2.30 1.60 
ST3 Spiritual acceptance vs. rational materialism 
.99 
.10 

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Character for Leadership 
53 
 
The scores on the character scales of the TCI (Cloninger, Przybeck, et al., 
1994) can range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 44 for the self-directedness 
scale, from 0 to 42 for the cooperativeness scale, and from 0 to 20 for the self-
transcendence scale.
Individual responses to TLP (Sashkin et al., 1997) items were combined to 
create each composite scale within the full TLP instrument. Table 5 lists the scales 
for the TLP instrument. 
Table 5: Sashkin et al.’s (1997) TLP Scales and Descriptive Statistics, 
N
= 101 
M SD 
Scale 1 
Capable management 
18.80 
2.95 
Scale 2 
Reward equity 
18.68 
2.62 
Scale 3 
Communication leadership 
19.14 
2.61 
Scale 4 
Credible leadership 
21.27 
2.74 
Scale 5 
Caring leadership 
20.22 
2.98 
Scale 6 
Creative leadership 
18.70 
2.89 
Scale 7 
Confident leadership 
18.94 
3.04 
Scale 8 
Follower-centered leadership 
17.51 
2.20 
Scale 9 
Visionary leadership 
18.06 
3.11 
Scale 10 
Principled leadership 
19.04 
2.69 
Each scale score was then combined to create the visionary leadership 
composite score. The confident leadership and follower-centered leadership scales 
are components of the overall visionary leadership score of the TLP (Sashkin et al., 
1997). The scores on the TLP can range from a minimum of 50 to a maximum of 
250. The confident leadership scale of the TLP can range from a minimum of 5 to a 
maximum of 25, as can the follower-centered leadership scale of the TLP.