Contemporary Problems of Social Work Современные проблемы социальной работы academic journal

165
VOLUME 2, No. 1, 2016
In 2012, emissions of pollutants into the air amounted to 89,7 thousand tons, that is, one 
person has to 0,326 tons per 1 hectare territory – 8,23 tons. Specific emission of harmful 
substances into the atmosphere per unit area of Sterlitamak city almost two and a half times 
higher than in Ufa, and almost 140 times higher than the national average. The level of air 
pollution in the city was determined mainly by high concentrations of formaldehyde, benzo (a) 
pyrene, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, dust. In 2012, in Sterlitamak city API
5
 (air pollution 
index) was at 14 [16].
On the territory of the Bashkortostan Republic in recent years there has been a decrease in 
the volume of pesticide application: however, the average level of pesticide load per hectare 
of arable land in the agricultural area is one of the highest and was 0,51 kg, whereas in the 
Republic the figure – 0,16 kg. in addition, the saturation of mineral fertilizers in the region 
reached 140,5 kg/ha, which is several times higher than the national average [17].
Despite a number of measures to improve the situation in the field of environmental 
protection, taken by the Government of the Republic and the decline in industrial production 
in general ecological conditions on the study area is quite complex. This is due to the effects 
of the work of enterprises, lower or stop their activities, the influence of cross-border transfers 
of polluted air masses from the industrialized centers, intensive chemicals used in agriculture, 
increasing the number of vehicles and cargo.
The territory of the agro-industrial Sterlitamak district of Bashkortostan Republic, subject to the 
direct influence of the plurality of sources of pollution, which determines the active dispersion of 
heavy metals and can have a negative impact on natural resources and human health.
The content of heavy metals in the territory of Sterlitamak district.
To identify patterns of heavy metals distribution area of agro-industrial district was 
conditionally divided into 3 zones.
The samples were carried out in the territory of the farm «Roshinsky» were selected based on 
their distance from large industrial center.
A set of specific heavy metals is dictated by the specifics of the study area of anthropogenic 
load and chemical elements involved in the production cycle.
Due to the fact that in the agricultural area of the proportion of local products in the nutrition 
of the population, including the gardens, large enough, and the water for drinking purposes 
comes mainly from wells and boreholes, analyzed the content of heavy metals accumulating 
environments: snow, soil; groundwater and food.
This is also due to the fact that the flow of heavy metals in the human body occurs in chains: 
soil – plant – man, soil – plant – animal – man, soil – water – people [5; 6; 13; 22].
Soil samples were collected in accordance with the «Guidelines for assessing the degree 
of air pollution settlements metals on their content in the snow cover and soil» [12]. The 
selection of spot samples performed by the envelope diagonally. Soil sample preparation for 
the determination of heavy metals were carried out on the basis of the method of measurement 
of the mass fraction of acid and forms of mobile forms of metals (copper, lead, zinc, nickel, 
cadmium) in soil samples by atomic absorption method [10; 11]. To remove the mobile forms 
of heavy metals from used soil-ammonium acetate buffer solution at pH – 4,8. For chemical 
degradation of soil samples in the gross determination of heavy metals extractant served 5 M 
nitric acid solution.
Sampling was carried out of crop production directly in the places of their growth in the 
private farms of citizens, in accordance with GOST 27262-87 [8]. Spot samples were taken at 
4 – 5 locations. The combined sample of 1 kg, packed in polyethylene bags. Of the combined 
sample average sample was taken.
Data on the content of heavy metals in the snow indicate that their distribution with respect 
to Sterlitamak city unevenly (table 3 and 4, picture 1).

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166
CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK
Maximum pollution coefficients for Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn characterized snow, attributable to the first 
inspection zone. The highest pollution observed on Ni, Pb and Cd, are greater than the contents 
of these metals on the background version respectively 3,6; 2,4 and 2,2 times. Summary fouling 
factor in the area of 9,54 vs. 8,97 and 3,95 in the second and third zones.
Apparently, the pollution in the first zone is influenced by emissions of several enterprises of 
the chemical industry and machine building, located in Sterlitamak city, as well as the presence 
of a major highway near a given conditional zone.
It should be noted that the second zone has the highest pollution by Cr and Fe, which is 
obviously due to the presence in the emissions are more resistant to precipitation of these 
elements forms.
Also through this town are two roads, which mainly moves freight.
Table 3
Coefficients of Heavy Metal Pollution Snow Water
Indicator
1
st
 zone
2
nd
 zone
3
rd
 zone
Pb
2,40
2,27
1,47
Cd
2,23
1,62
1,62
Cu
1,18
1,18
1,18
Zn
1,75
1,75
1,38
Ni
3,60
3,35
1,30
Mn
2,00
1,67
1,25
Cr
1,75
2,25
1,50
Fe
1,63
1,88
1,25
Z
c
9,54
8,97
3,95
Table 4
Average Content of Soluble Forms of Heavy Metals in the Agricultural 
and Industrial Region Snow Water, Mg/Dm
3
pH
Pb
Cd
Cu
Zn
Ni
Mn
Cr
Fe
1
st
 zone
7,74±0,07
0,0036±
0,0002
0,00029±
0,00005
0,0013±
0,0001
0,014±
0,005
0,0072±
0,0012
0,0024±
0,0006
0,0007±
0,0001
0,013±
0,002
2
nd
 zone
6,51±0,11
0,0034±
0,0001
0,00021±
0,00002
0,0013±
0,0002
0,014±
0,002
0,0067±
0,0005
0,0020±
0,0002
0,0009±
0,0003
0,015±
0,001
3
rd
 zone
6,28±0,04
0,0022±
0,0008
0,00021±
0,00004
0,0013±
0,0003
0,011±
0,002
0,0026±
0,0003
0,0015±
0,0003
0,0006±
0,0001
0,010±
0,003
Background sample
5,87±0,06
0,0015±
0,0002
0,00013±
0,00001
0,0011±
0,0004
0,008±
0,002
0,0020±
0,0004
0,0012±
0,0004
0,0004±
0,0001
0,008±
0,001
The lowest ratio of total snow contamination is marked for the third research area. This is 
determined, above all, the remoteness of the farm from the industrial Sterlitamak city, as well as 
the shielding effect of the hills located between the settlements.
However, despite the fact that the snow is in the third zone of least contaminated studies, 
but it is exceeded for 18 – 62% of all studied background content elements.

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