Imagining the End: Visions of

Schism and Renewal in Africa: An Analysis of Six Thousand Contemporary

Religious Movements 

(Nairobi, 



).



. Cited in Blyden, 

Christianity, Islam, and the Negro Race

, p. 



. For an examination of

the so-called Shaker element in African and other non-Western forms of  religious practice, see

I. M. Lewis, 

Ecstatic Religion

 (London, 



).



. Cited in Albert J. Raboteau, 

Slave Religion: The ‘Invisible Institution’  in the Antebellum

South

 (New York, 



), p. 



. Excerpt in Robert L. Ferm (ed.), 

Issues in American Protest-

antism: A Documentary History from the Puritans to the Present

 (Gloucester, MA, 



), pp. 



–



. The excerpt leaves out the reference to blacks (p. 



).



. An early and penetrating survey of  these new groups in Africa, undertaken in the 



s,

identified some six thousand of  them. See Barrett, 

Schism and Renewal in Africa

.



. See Christian G. Baëta, 

Prophetism in Ghana

 (London, 



). Also Kofi Asare Opoku,

‘Changes within Christianity: The Case of  the Musama Disco Christo Church’, in Edward

Fasholé-Luke, Richard Gray, Adrian Hastings and Godwin Tasie (eds), 

Christianity in In-

dependent Africa

,(London and Bloomington, IN, 



), pp. 



–



.

13. Is There a Chinese Millenarian Tradition?



. On the White Lotus, see Susan Naquin, 

Millenarian Rebellion in China: The Eight

Trigrams Uprising of 



 

(New Haven, CT, 



); Daniel L. Overmyer, 

Folk Buddhist Religion:

Dissenting Sects in Late Traditional China

 (Cambridge, MA, 



); and Barend J. ter Haar, 

The

White Lotus Teachings in Chinese Religious History

 (Leiden, 



).



. On the Yellow Turbans, see Howard S. Levy, ‘Yellow Turban Religion and Rebellion at

the End of  the Han’, 

Journal of the American Oriental Society

 



, no. 



 (October–December



); Paul Michaud, ‘The Yellow Turbans’, 

Monumenta Serica

 



 (



); and Paul Demieville,

‘Philosophy and Religion from Han to Sui’, in Denis Twitchett and John K. Fairbank (eds), 

The

Cambridge History of China

 (Cambridge, 



), Vol. 



, ch. 



.



. A shortcut to the abundant literature on this topic is my ‘Chinese Millenarian Traditions:

The Formative Age’, 

American Historical Review

 (forthcoming). The essential introduction to

the emergence and evolution of  Daoism is Isabelle Robinet, 

Taoism : Growth of a Religion

(Stanford, CA, 



); the essential complement to this introduction is Stephen R. Bokenkamp,

Early Daoist Scriptures

 (Berkeley, CA, 



). On Daoist messianism, see Anna K. Seidel, ‘Taoist

Messianism’, 

Numen

 



, no..



 (December 



): 



–



.



. See Erik Zürcher, ‘“Prince Moonlight”: Messianism and Eschatology in Early Medieval

Chinese Buddhism’,