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1 The Cornwall Collective, Your Daughters Shall Prophesy: Feminist Alternatives in Theological Education (New York: Pilgrim Press, 1980).

2 The Mud Flower Collective, God’s Fierce Whimsy: Christian Feminism and Theological Education (New York: Pilgrim Press, 1985).

3 Ibid., 32.

4 Rebecca S Chopp, Saving Work; Feminist Practices of Theological Education (Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1995).

5 Ibid., ix.

6 Ibid., 114.

7 Ibid., 110-112.

8 Ibid., 115.

9 Wanda Deifelt, “Feminist Theology”, 237-248 in Fernando F Segovia (ed.), Towards a New Heaven and a New Earth: Essays in Honour of Elizabeth Schussler Fiorenza (Maryknoll: Orbis, 2000), 240.

10 Ibid., 240-241.

11 Chopp, op cit., 5, 20.

12 Mark Chaves, Ordaining Women: Culture and Conflict in Religious Organizations (London: University Press, Second Printing 1999), 1.

13 Barbara Brown Zikmund “Walking the Narrow Path: Female Administrators in ATS Schools”, in Theological Education 29.01: 55-68(62).

14 “Theological Education for Ministerial Formation”, Statement from the European Consultation on Theological Education, Herrnhut, German Democratic Republic, 9-14 October 1980: 7.

15 Graham Jonathan Cheesman, “Training for Service: An Examination of Change and Development in the Bible College Movement in the UK, 1873-2002”, Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation, The Queen’s University of Belfast Archives, 2004: 90-91.

16 Protus O Kendirim, “Towards an Appropriate Curriculum for Women in Theological Education”, Vol. 10, No. 1, Summer 1988, 44.

17 Protus O Kendirim, “The Need to Empower Women Through Theological Education”, AFER February 1999 41.01: 41-50(42).

18 F H Littel, “Protestant Seminary Education in America”, in James Michael Lee and Louis J Putz (eds.), Seminary Education in a Time of Change (Indiana: Fides Publishers, 1965), 540.

19 Barbara Brown Zikmund “Walking the Narrow Path: Female Administrators in ATS Schools” in Theological Education, Autumn 1992, 29.01: 55-68(57)

20 Leon Pacala, The Role of ATS in Theological Education 1980-1990, (Atlanta: Scholars Press, ATS Publications, 1998), 31.

21 Ibid., 31.

22 Jackson W Carrol, Barbara G Wheeler, Daniel O Aleshire and Pennt Long Marler, Being There: Culture and Formation in Two Theological Schools (Oxford: University Press, 1997), 9.

23 Leon Pacala, op cit., 30.

24 The Mud Flower Collective, op cit., 29-30.

25 Chopp, op. cit, 10.

26 Pacala, op. cit., 31.

27 Pacala, op cit., 150.

28 “Goals and Guidelines for Women in theological Schools” accessed 20/05/2006.

29 accessed 20/05/06, 36-37.

30 Zikmund, op cit., 55.

31 The Cornwall Collective, op cit., 50.

32 Chopp, op cit., 7.

33 Barbara G Wheeler, “Accountability to Women in Theological Seminaries”, in Religious Education, Vol. 76, No. 4, July- August 1981, 382- 390(390).

34 The Cornwall Collective, op cit., 49.

35 W Clark Gilpin “The aims and Purposes of Theological Education; A Study Guide”, Resources for American Christianity accessed 21/01/05.

36 A Guide for Evaluating Theological Learning, Handbook of Accreditation, Section Eight, <http://www.ats.edu/accrediting/HandbookSection8.pdf> accessed 21/06/06.

37 “The Accreditation of Theological Schools and Ecclesiastical Assessment of Schools” Adopted as advice and counsel by the Association in 1990, accessed 20/05/06.

38 <http://www.ats.edu/accrediting/HandbookSection8.pdf> accessed 21/06/06.

39 Lee Shulman, The Wisdom of Practice: Essays on Teaching, Learning and Learning to Teach, Edited by Suzanne M Wilson, (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2004).

40 Benjamin S Bloom (ed.), Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook 1: Cognitive Domain (New York: Longman, 1956).

41 accessed 10/01/2008.

42 Anderson, L.W and Krathwohl, D.R. Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (London: Allyn & Bacon, 2000). See also, accessed 10/01/2008.

43 <http://www.ats.edu/accrediting/HandbookSection8.pdf> accessed 21/06/06.

44 ‘Making Differences: A Table of Learning By Lee S Shulman <http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/publications/sub.asp?key=452&subkey=612> accessed 24/06/06.

45 Handbook of Accreditation Section Eight, “A Guide for Evaluating Theological Learning.” 14. accessed 10/01/2008.

46 Lee S Shulman and E R Kieslar, Learning by Discovery: A Critical Appraisal, (Chicago IL: Rand McNally, 1966) and Lee Shulman, The Wisdom of Practice: Essays on Teaching, Learning and Learning to Teach, Edited by Suzanne M Wilson, (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2004).

47 Patricia McGee, ‘Learning Objects: Bloom’s Taxonomy and Deeper Learning Principles’, Department of Interdisciplinary Studies & Curriculum and Instruction, The University of Texas at San Antonio, accessed 24/06/06.

48 accessed 21/06/07 and <http://www.icete_edu.org> accessed 21/06/07.

49 ‘Manifesto on the Renewal of Evangelical Theological Education’ 309. Can be found in Robert Ferris, Renewal in theological Education: Strategies for Change (Wheaton: Wheaton College, 1990). See for summary Sylvia Wilkey Collinson, Making Disciples: The Significance of Jesus’ Educational Methods for Today’s Church (Carlisle: Paternoster, 2004), 16-18.

50 ‘Manifesto on the Renewal of Evangelical Theological Education’, op. cit.

51 European Evangelical Accrediting Association, Membership Manual, Fourth edition, 2005, 2.2.7.

52 The Measuring and Recording Student Achievement Scoping Group was established by Universities UK and the Standing Conference of Principals (SCOP) with the support of the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) in October 2003. The aim was to review the recommendations from the UK Government White Paper The Future of Higher Education relating specifically to recording student achievement, value added, degree classifications and credit systems. <http://bookshop.universitiesuk.ac.uk/downloads/measuringachievement.pdf>, accessed 21/06/06.

53 “Massification” is the term used to describe the shift within higher education from a smaller class of elite to the general population. See D Teather, (ed.), Consortia (Melbourne: University Press, 2004), 8-14.

54 EEAA, Membership Manual, Fourth Edition, 2006, 2.2.7 and 4.4 Accessed

55 Ibid.

56 Citation in EEAA, Membership Manual from ‘A Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area – Bolgona Working Group on Qualifications Frameworks’, published by: Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Bredgade 43DK-1260 Copenhagen K.

57 Ibid.

58 Zikmund, op cit., 55-68.

59 Ibid, 56.

60 Christina Manohar, Feminist Critique and Reconstruction (Delhi: ISPCK, 2005), 31.

61 Elizabeth Schussler Fiorenza, “Toward a feminist biblical hermeneutics: Biblical Interpretation and liberation Theology”, in Donald K. McKim (ed.), A Guide to Contemporary Hermeneutics: Major Trends in Biblical Interpretation (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B Erdmans publishing Co., 1986), 363.

62 The Cornwall Collective, op cit., 36.

63 A H Halsey, Hugh Lauder, Phillip Brow and Amy Stuart Wells, Education- Culture, Economy and Society (Oxford: University Press, 1997), 1.

64 Patricia J Gumport, “Feminist Scholarship as a Vocation” in AH Halsey, Hugh Lauder, Phillip Brow and Amy Stuart Wells (eds.), Education- Culture, Economy and Society (Oxford: University Press, 1997), 572-581, (577-580).

65 Mark Chaves, op. cit., p. 4-5.

66 Edward C Lehman, Jr. Gender and Work- The Case of Clergy (New York: State University of New York Press, 1993),VIII.

67 The Cornwall Collective, op. cit., 54.

68 Ibid., 55.

69 Ibid., 14.

70 Elizabeth Schussler Fiorenza, “Theological Education: Biblical Studies” in The Education of the Practical Theologian (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989), 11.

71 Jane McAvoy, “Hospitality: A Feminist Theology of Teaching”, in Teaching Theology & Religion, Vol. 1 Num. 1 Feb. 1998: 20-26.

72 Henri J M Nouwen, Reaching Out (Glasgow: Collins, 1976), 78-83.

73 Aruna Gnanadason, ‘Towards a theology of the Heart: Women and Theological Education in India’, in Gnana Robinson (ed.), in Challenges and Responses (Bangalore: Asian Trading Corporation, 2000), 209-221(211).

74 Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed Trans. Myra Bergman Ramos, (New York: Continuum Publishing Company, 1987), 54.

75 See for example Malcolm S Knowles, et al. Andragogy in Action. Applying Modern Principles of Adult Education. (San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1984).

76 See for example, David A Kolb, Experiential Learning (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall,1984)

77 See for example, Stephen Pattison, The Challenge of Practical Theology: Selected Essays (London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2007).

78 See for example, Paul H Ballard and John Pritchard, Practical Theology in Action (London: SPCK, 1996).

79 Iris V Cully, “Feminism and Ministerial Education” in Christian Century Vol. 5, 1996, 141-146 (141).

80 Ibid., 142-144.

81 See e.g. John B Cobb, Jr. ‘Theology against the Disciplines” 241-258 in Shifting Boundaries: Contextual Approaches to the Structure of Theological Education, Barbara G Wheeler and Edward Farley (eds.) (Kentucky: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1991) and Elizabeth Schussler Fiorenza, “Theological Education: Biblical Studies” 1-11 in The Education of the Practical Theologian, Don S Browning et.al. (Atlanta: Scholar’s Press, 1989).

82 The Cornwall Collective, op. cit., 6.

83 Refer for more, David H Kelsey, Between Athens and Berlin: The Theological Education Debate (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993).

84 The Mud Flower Collective, op. cit.

85 Chopp, op. cit., 9.

86 See for example, Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed Trans. Myra Bergman Ramos, (New York: Continuum Publishing Company, 1987), 61.

87 Chopp, op. cit., 14-15.

88 Arabella Meadows-Rogers, “Women in Field Education: Some New Answers to Old Questions”, in Theological Education 11.04: 301-307(305).

89 Arabella Meadows- Rogers, ibid, 305.

90 Edward Farley, Theologia: The Fragmentation and Unity of Theological Education (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1983).

91 Chopp, op. cit., 9-10.

92 Hunter Mabry, Language and Community: Inclusive Language (Bangalore: UTC Publications, 1994), 1.

93 Mercy Amba Oduyoye, “Reflections from a third world women’s perspective: Women’s Experience and Liberation Theologies”, in Ursula King, (ed.), Feminist Theology from the Third World: A Reader (New York: Orbis Books, 1994), 33.

94 Rosemary Radford Reuther, Sexism and God –Talk: Toward a Feminist Theology (Boston: Beacon, Press, 1990), 60.

95 Mary Daly, The Church and the Second Sex (NY: Harper Row, 1975).

96 Mary Daly, Beyond God the Father: Towards a Philosophy of Women’s Liberation (Boston: Beacon Press, 1985).

97 Gaby Weiner, Ibid, 146.

98 Beverly Haddad, “Engendering Theological Education for Transformation” in Journal of Theology for South Africa, 116.0:.65-69 (65).

99 Beverly Haddad, ibid., 67.

100 Peggy Ann Way, “Visions of Possibility: Women for Theological Education”, in Theological Education 8.04: 269-277 (271).

101 Peggy Ann Way, Ibid., 270-271.

102 Gaby Weiner, “Feminism and Education”, in A H Halsey, Hugh Lauder, Phillip Brow and Amy Stuart Wells, (eds.), Education- Culture, Economy and Society (Oxford: University Press, 1997), 144-154 (150).

103 The Cornwall Collective, op. cit, 10.

104 Edward Farley, The Fragility of Knowledge (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1988).

105 Chopp, op. cit., 10.

106 Rosemary Radford Ruether, “The Task of Feminist Theology”, in John D Woodbridge and Thomas Edward McComiskey (eds.), Doing Theology in Today’s World: Essays in Honour of Kenneth S Kantzer (Michigan: Zondervan, 1991), 359-376 (361).

107 Fay Hollingshead Ellison, “A Modest Proposal”, in Theological Education, 11.02: 106-111 (109).

108 Beverly Haddad, “Engendering Theological Education for Transformation” in Journal of Theology for South Africa, 116.0:.65-69 cites “Women in Theological Education”, in WOCATI NEWS 7, March 1997; 16.

109 The Cornwall Collective , op. cit., 4.

110 Elizabeth Schussler Fiorenza “Rethinking the Educational Practices of Biblical Doctoral Studies”, in Teaching Theology and Religion, No. 2, Vol. 6, April 2003, 65-75(68).

111 The Cornwall Collective, op. cit., 137.

112 Rosemary Radford Ruether, Women- Church: Theology and Practice of Feminist Liturgical Communities (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1985), citation Chopp, op. cit., 91.

113 Chopp, cp. cit., 15.

114 Ibid., 21.

115 Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (New York: Continuum, 1970), 54,55.

116 The Cornwall Collective, op. cit., 9.

117 Rosemary Chinnici, “Women in Theological Education”, in American Theological Library Association Summary of Proceedings 41.01: 175-179.

118 Chopp, op. cit., 21.

119 The Cornwall Collective, op. cit., XIII.

120 Valerie Saiving, “The Human Situation; A feminine View”, in Judith Plaskow and Carol Christ (eds.), A Feminist Reader in Religion (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1979), 25-42.

121 Judith Plaskow, “Christian Feminism and Anti-Judaism,” in Cross Currents, 28, 1978: 306-309.

122 The Cornwall Collective, op. cit., 65.

123 Cheryl Bridges-Johns, “From Babel to Pentecost: The Renewal of Theological Education”, in John Pobee (ed.), Towards Viable Theological Education (Geneva: WCC, 1997), 132-146 (136). Also see Dorothee Solle, “Kneeling and Walking Upright” in Miroslav Volf, Darmen Krieg and Thomas Kucharz, (eds.), The Future of Theology (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans 1996), 25.

124 K C Abraham, “A Response by K C Abraham”, in John Pobee (ed.), Towards Viable Theological Education (Geneva: WCC, 1997), 147-149 (148).

125 K C Abraham, Ibid., 148-149.

126 The Cornwall Collective, op. cit., 14.

127 Barbara Brown Zikmund, “Upsetting the Assumptions”, in Christian Century, 96.05, 127-128.

128 The Cornwall Collective, op. cit., 63-64.

129 Barbara G Wheeler, “Accountability to women in theological seminaries” in Religious Education, Vol. 76, No. 4, July/August 1981: 382-390(383).

130 Barbara Brown Zikmund, “Walking the Narrow Path: Female Administrators in ATS Schools” in Theological Education, 29.0: 55-68(56).

131 Wheeler, “Accountability to Women in Theological Seminaries”, op. cit., 389.

132 For example, Kwok Pui-Lan, Introducing Asian Feminist Theology, (Cleveland: The Pilgrim Press, 2000) and Peter Scott and William T Cavanaugh (eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Political Theology, (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), 267-269. Also , Chung Hyun Kyung, Struggle to be the Sun Again: Introducing Asian Women’s Theology, (New York: Orbis Books, 1990), 118. Marianne Katappo, Compassionate and Free, (Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2001) and Virginia Fabella and Sergio Torres, Doing Theology in a Divided World: Papers from the Sixth International Conference of EATWOT (New York: Orbis, 1985).

133 This study does not allow space for a comprehensive historical treatment of the topic.

134 A woman named Dr. Tessy Thomas, who got to the rank of lieutenant general in the army and air marshal in the air force is now heading India’s key missile project AGNI II along with 200 women scientists and technicians. Report from Hindustan Times, May 14, 2008

135 Mark Tully and Zareer Masani, India Forty Years of Independence (New York: Braziller, 1988), 88.

136 <http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/vitalstatistics/w_7.03.htm> accessed 2-03-2006.

137 Ibid.

138 P Spear, India: A Modern History (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1961), 28. Also see the more recent works of R Thapar, Early India: From Origins to AD1300 (London: Allen Lane,2002), Burton Stein, A History of India: The Blackwell History of the World Series, (Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishers, 1998) and R C Majumdar, Ancient India ( Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1987).

139 R C Majumdar, H C Raychaudhuri, and Kaukinkar Datta, An Advanced History of India, (London: Macmillan: 1946, Madras: Macmillan India Limited, 1978), 20, 37. See also G Forbes, The New Cambridge History of India (Cambridge: University Press, 1996), 14 and.

140 Spear, op. cit., 33.

141 Majumdar, op. cit., 71.

142 Ibid.

143 A S Altekar, ‘Female Education’ in Women Education in Ancient and Medieval India, Sharma, U and Sharma, B M (eds.) (New Delhi: Common Wealth Publishers, 1995), 20.

144 Majumdar, op.cit., 369. Also see Robert Sewell, A Forgotten Empire Vijayanagar, (Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2000) and William J Jackson, Vijayanagara Voices: Exploring South Indian History and Hindu Literature (England: Ashgate Publications, 2005).

145 ‘Women of the Mughal Dynasty’ accessed 17/01/2008

146 Spear, op. cit., 110.

147 M N Srinivas, Social Changes in Modern India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966 Also R. Thapar, A History of India Volume 1 (London: Penguin, 1966) and Lalita Panigrahi, British Social Policy and Female Infanticide (Columbia: South Asia Books, 1972) accessed 17/01/2008 and accessed 17/01/2008.

148 Lalrinawmi Ralte, Women Reshaping Theology (Delhi: ISPCK 1998), 98.

149 accessed 2-03-2006.

150 Mangala Subramaniam, The Power of Women’s Organizing: Gender, Caste, and Class in India (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2006).

151 Christina Manohar, Feminist Critique and Reconstruction (Delhi; ISPCK 2005), 9.

152 Shashi Ahluwalia, Founders of New India (Delhi: Mana Publications, 1986), 161.

153 Government of India, The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi (New Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1958-1994, Vol. XLVIII, 205. See also Thomas Vithayathil, Mahatma Gandhi and Promotion of Human Rights (Cochin, Kerala: Mar Louis Arts and Books Centre, 2004).

154 Maithrayee Chaudhari, Indian Women’s Movement: Reform and Revival (Delhi: Radiant Publishers, 1993), 113-114 citation from The Inspiring Saga of Women’s Indian Association (1917-1967) (Madras: Indian Association, 1967).

155 , accessed 21 April, 2006.

156 C Chakrapani and S Vijayakumar (Eds.), Changing Statusand Role of Women in Indian Society (Delhi: M D Publications, 1994).

157 Government of India, The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi (New Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1958-1994, Vol. XLVIII, 22.

158 Mangala Subramaniam, The Power of Women’s Organizing: Gender, Caste, and Class in India, (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2006).

159 accessed 21 April, 2006.

160 Aparna Basu, “Methodology in Women’s History- An Intergenerational Study of a family”, in A Surya Kumari (ed.), Women’s studies: An Emerging Academic Discipline (New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 1993), 13.

161 Francis Sunderaraj, “Christian Education and Social Issues”, in AETEI Journal Vol. 8, No. 1, July- Dec. 1994, 10-12(11).

162 John Descrochers and George Joseph, India Today (Bangalore: Centre for Social Action, 1993), 104.

163 S Madhavan Nair, Education: Its Philosophy, Psychology and Technology (Trissur: Breeze Publications 1998), 14.

164 Ibid., 18-19.

165 Ibid., 439.

166 Nirmala Jeyaraj, “Woman’s Studies in Colleges”, in TBT Journal, Vol.1.4, No.1, 2002: 34-45 (35).

167 Ibid, 36

168 Geraldine Forbes, Women in Modern India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Also see , accessed 21 April 2006.

169 Ibid.

170 University Grants Commission- ensuring quality higher education to all. UGC - Apex body of government of India, , accessed 21 April 2006.

171 accessed 09, January, 2008. See also Martha Nussbaum and Jonathan Glover (eds.), Women, Culture and Development: A Study of Human Capabilities (Oxford: Oxford University Press, Reprint 2001).

172 , accessed 21April 2006.

University Grants commission- ensuring quality higher education to ALL UGC- Apex body of the Government of India.

173 Ambrose Pinto, “Globalization and the Changing Ideology of Indian Higher Education,” Social Action, Vol. 50, No. 4, Oct-Dec 2000, 343.

174 Ibid., 347.

175 C W Ranson, The Christian Minister in India (London: Luttenworth Press, 1946), 24, 27.

176 Siga Arles, Theological Education for the Mission of the Church in India 1947-1987 (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1991), 302.

177 Ibid., 302.

178 David Kwang-sun Suh., Annette Meuthrath and Choe Hyondok (eds.), Charting Future of Theology and Theological Education in Asian Contexts (Delhi: ISPCK, 2004), xix.

179 Ibid., 119-120.

180 Vinay Samuel and Chris Sugden, “The Association for Theological Education by Extension: An Indian Approach to Training for Ministry”, in F Ross Kinsler (ed.), Ministry by the People (Geneva: WCC, 1983), 241.

181 Ibid., 246.

182 Padmasani Gallup, “Spiritual Formation for Women in the Church: A Response from India”, in Samuel Amritham and Yeow Choo Lak (eds.), Spiritual Formation in Asian Theological Education (Singapore: ATESEA, 1989), 48-52.

183 Felix Wilfred, Theological Education in India Today (Bangalore: Asian Trading Corporation, 1985), ix.

184 Samuel Amritham and Yeow Choo Lak (eds.), Spiritual Formation in Theological Education (Singapore: ATESEA, 1989), 3.

185 ECC Whitefield, ‘The Statement of the BTE-SSC Consultation on “Vision and Focus for Theological Education in India Today,” 18-21 March 1987,’ in Asia Journal of Theology, 2:1 April 1988: 119-122.

186 DK Sahu, “Reorganizing the Structure: A Possibility for Mission Today”, in Samson Prabhakar and M J Joseph (eds.), Church’s Participation in Theological Education (Bangalore: BTE-SSC, 2003), 12-19(14).

187 Samson Prabhakar and M J Joseph (eds.) Church’s Participation in Theological Education (Bangalore: BTE-SSC/ SATHRI, 2003), 1-2.

188 , accessed 21April 2006.

189 Jessy Jaison, “Gender Inequalities in Training and Ministry: Case Studies of Theological Institutions in India”, M Th thesis submitted to the University of Oxford, 1999.

190 Arles, op. cit., 302.

191 Siga Arles, Theological Education for the Mission of the Church in India 1947-1987 (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1991), 301.

192 Ibid., 301, Quoting from Report no.11: ‘Theologically Trained Women’, published in RS, XXXI : 3, September 1984, 3-26; and its earlier mimeographed preliminary report; ‘Report of the Commission on Priorities in Theological Education’, 1983.

193 Siga Arles, Ibid., 301

194 Ibid.

195 C W Ranson, The Christian Minister in India: His vocation and Training (London: Luttenworth Press, 1946).

196 M H Harrison, After Ten Years, An Account of Theological Education in India (Nagpur:

NCCI, 1957).

197 Ibid., 303.

198 Ibid., 304.

199 Somen Das, Women in India: Problems and Prospects (Delhi: ISPCK 1997), 62.

200 Andrew Wingate, Does Theological Education Make Any Difference? (Geneva: WCC Publications, 2000), 69.

201 The term ‘dalit’ refers generally to the lower castes.

202 Sister Thelma Gonsalves, ‘Woman in Today’s India: Reflection for a Relevant Theologizing’, in James Massey (ed.), Contextual Theological Education (Delhi: ISPCK, 1993), 64-71(66).

203 Jacinta Prakashappa, ‘Patriarchy’, in Lalrinawmi Ralte, Florence Robinson, Corinne Scott, Nirmala Vasanthakumar (eds.), Envisioning a New Heaven and a New Earth (Delhi: NCCI & ISPCK, 1999), 290-292 (291).

204 Prasanna Kumari, ‘Women’s Participation and Contribution in the Church’, in Lalrinawmi Ralte, Florence Robinson, Corinne Scott, Nirmala Vasanthakumar (eds.), Envisioning a New Heaven and a New Earth (Delhi: NCCI & ISPCK, 1999), 47-53(50).

205 Ibid., 51.

206 Ibid., 52.

207 K C Abraham, ‘Two Specific Challenges to Theological Education In the third Millennium’ 1-17 in Gnana Robinson (ed.), Challenges and Responses (Bangalore: Asian Trading Corporation, 2000), 12-13.

208 Ibid., 13.

209 Aruna Gnanadason, ‘Towards a Theology of the Heart: Women and Theological Education in India,’ 209-22 in Gnana Robinson (ed.), Challenges and Responses (Bangalore; Asian Trading Corporation 2000), 209.

210 Ibid, 210.

211 Ibid., 212.

212 Prasanna Kumari, ‘Theology of a Crucified Reality: An Exploration of Feminist Experiences’, 222-244 in Gnana Robinson (ed.), Challenges and Responses (Bangalore: Asian Trading Corporation, 2000), 224, 227-228.

213 Ibid., 225.

214 Ibid., 230.

215 Cheryl Bridges-Johns, ‘From Babel to Pentecost; The Renewal of Theological Education’ in Towards Viable Theological Education (Geneva: WCC 1997), 141.

216 A Sreedharamenon, Kerala History and its Makers (Kottayam, Kerala: National Book Stall, 1987), 16. Also see, A Sreedharamenon, History of Kerala (Madras: S Vishwanathan Printers and Publishers, 1995).

217 A Sreedharamenon, History of Kerala, op. cit., 128.

218 P Manavalan, The Culture of Kerala and Christian Missionaries (Kottayam: DC Books, 1990), 68.

219 G Woodcock, Kerala: A Portrait of the Malabar Coast (London: Faber & Faber, 1967), 108.

220 A Sreedharamenon, History of Kerala, op. cit., 290.

221 Penelope Carson, “Christianity, Colonialism and Hinduism in Kerala: Integration, Adaptation oor Confrontation” 127-154 in Robert Eric Frykenberg (ed.) Christians and Missionaries in India (London: Routledge, 2003), 129.

222 K V Eapen, A Study of Kerala History (Kottayam: 1986), 24-30.

223 Penelope Carson, Op. cit., 128.

224 David Emmanuel Singh, “Hindu-Muslim Violence in Gujarath and a Profile of Christian Mission” 206-216 Transformation Vol. 20, No. 4 October, 2003, 11.

225 P M Raj, “Ecological Degradation and Marginalization of Women in India” 42-62 AETEI Journal, Bangalore Vol. 10, 1997, 45.

226 G Dietrich, The Impact of New Economic Policy on Women in India and Feminist Alternatives, (Bangalore: Ecumenical Christian Centre, 1997), 8

227 “Kerala People and Religions” accessed 21/01/’08

228 , accessed 2 March 2006.

229 R N Yesudas, The History of the London Missionary Society in Travancore 1806-1908 (Trivandrum, Kerala: Kerala Historical Society, 1980), 133-4.

230 , accessed 2 March 2006.

231 Josh Andrix, Gender and Religion in Kerala, a report in <http://www.haverford.edu/engl/engl277b/Contexts/gender_and_religion_in_ker.htm>, accessed 31 March 2006, 1.

232 Kein Watkins, The Oxfam Education Report (Oxfam: 2000), 36.

233 Mridul Eapen and Praveena Kodoth, ‘Family Structure, Women's Education and Work: Re-Examining The High Status of Women In Kerala’, a working paper November 2002, <http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN010726.pdf>, accessed 21 April 2006.

234 Mridul Eapen, ‘Women and Work Mobility: Some Disquieting Evidences from the Indian Data’, a paper presented at a National Seminar on Globalisation and Women’s Work, organised by the V V Giri National Labour Institute, Noida, Delhi, 25-26 March 2004, , , accessed 21 April 2006. Published in May 2004 as part of the larger study on Demystifying the ‘High Status’ of Women in Kerala, being done in collaboration with a colleague, Dr. Praveena Kodoth, originally sponsored by the ISST, New Delhi and funded by the IDRC, Canada.

235 For example, Jessy Jaison, “Gender Inequalities in Training and Ministry: Case Studies of Theological Institutions in India”, M Th thesis submitted to the University of Oxford, 1999.

236 Wanda Deifelt, “Feminist Theology: A Key for Women’s Citizenship in the Church.” 237-248 in Towards a New Heaven and a New Earth, Fernando F Segovia (ed.) (New York: Maryknoll, 2003), 247.

237 Encyclical letter on the gospel of life, Evangelium vitae (March 25, 1995), 99 cited in Michele M Schumacher, “An Introduction to New Feminism” ix- xiv in Women in Christ: Toward a New Feminism, Michele M Schumacher (ed) (Cambridge: William B Eerdmans, 2004), ix.

238 David J Atkinson and David H Field (eds), The New Dictionary of Christian Ethics and Pastoral Theology (Leicester: Intervarsity Press, 1995), 380.

239 Lisa Isherwood and Dorothea McEwan, Introducing Feminist Theology (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1993), 88. See also Fiorenza, In memory of Her (London: SCM Press 1983), XX.

240 David J Atkinson and David H Field (eds), op. cit., 380.

241 This is a common classification

242 Here I am narrowing the topic to Evangelicals, who have a normative view of the Scripture.

243 Stanley J Grenz with Denise Muir Kjesbo, Women in the Church-A Biblical Theology of Women in Ministry (Illinois: Intervarsity Press, 1995), 36.

244 John Piper and Wayne Grudem, Recovering Biblical Manhood and Womanhood A Response to Evangelical Feminism (Wheaton: Illionis: Crossway, 1991).

245 R W Pierce and R M Groothuis, Discovering Biblical Equality (England: Apollos, 2005), 17.

246 “Complemenarianism” accessed 19/02/2008.

247 Patricia Gundry, Woman be Free! The Clear Message of Scripture (Grand Rapids: Michigan, 1977), 29-39.

248 “Christian Egalitarianism” accessed on 19/02/2008.

249 R M Groothuis, “Equal in Being Unequal in Role”, 301-333, in R W Pierce and R M Groothuis, Discovering Biblical Equality (England: Apollos, 2005), 307.

250 Mary Daly, Beyond God the Father: Towards a Philosophy of Women’s Liberation (New York: Harper and Row, 1975) and The Church and the Second Sex (Boston: Beacon Press, 1985).

251 Daphne Hampson, After Christianity (London: SCM Press, 1996).

252 Mary E Hunt, A Guide for Women in Religion: Making Your Way from A to Z (New York: Palgrave, 2004).

253 Lisa Isherwood and Dorothea McEwan, Introducing Feminist Theology (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1993), 50, 78, 116-118.

254 Elaine Storkey, What is Right with Feminism (London: SPCK, 1985), 90-110, Chapter 9.

255 R W Pierce and R M Groothuis, op. cit., 477.

256 Sinclair B Ferguson and David F Wright (eds.), New Dictionary of Theology (Leicester: Inter varsity Press, 1988), 164.

257 Ibid., 164.

258 See for example, Elizabeth Schussler Fiorenza, Sharing Her Word: Feminist Biblical Interpretation in Context (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998).

259 See for example, Elaine Showalter, “Feminist Criticism in the Wilderness”, in The New Feminist Criticism: Essays on Women, Literature and Theory (New York: Pantheon, 1985), 243-270.

260 Carolyn Osiek, “Reading the Bible as Women” 181-187 in The New Interpreter’s Bible Vol.1 , Leander E Keck , Convenor and Senior New testament Editor (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1994), 181.

261 Ibid.,181.

262 See for example, K Stendahl, The Bible and the Role of Women (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1966).

263 See for example L Swidler, “Jesus was a Feminist” Catholic World, Jan. 1971, 177-183. Also Elaine Pagels, “Paul and Women?: A Response to Recent Discussion” JAAR 42 (1974), 538-549.

264 Phyllis Trible, God and the Rhetoric of Sexuality and Texts of Terror: Literary-Feminist Readings o f Biblical Narrative (Philadelphia; Fortress Press, 1984) Also Elizabeth Schussler Fiorenza, In Memory of Her (New York: Cross Road, 1983).

265 Carol Meyers, Discovering Eve: Ancient Israelite Women in Context (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).

266 C A Newsom, and S H Ringe, (eds.), The Women’s Bible Commentary (Westminster: John Knox Press, 1992, 1998) cited in Osiek, op. cit., 183.

267 Carolyn Osiek, op. cit., 182.

268 Kraft, Christianity in Culture, op. cit., 46. This is the definition of Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952).

269 Ann Loades (ed.), Feminist Theology A Reader (London: SPCK, 1990), 9.

270 Wanda Deifelt, “Feminist Theology: A Key for Women’s Citizenship in the Church”, 237-248 in Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth, Fernando F Segovia (ed.) (Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 2003), 246.

271 Brian K Blount, Cultural Interpretation: Reorienting New Testament Criticism (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1995).

272 Ibid., 89.

273 Gerald F Hawthorne, Ralph P. Martin and Daniel G Reid (eds.), Dictionary of Paul and His letters (Leicester: Intervarsity Press, 1993), 585.

274 Stephen B Bevans, Models of Contextual Theology (Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 2000).

275 Elaine Storkey, op. cit., 155-156.

276 Gordon J Fee, “Hermeneutics and the Gender Debate” 364-381, in Pierce and Groothuis, Discovering Biblical Equality (England: Apollos, 2005), 374.

277 Paul L Lehmann, Ethics in a Christian Context (London: SCM, 1963), 29.

278 Gordon J Fee, op. cit., 365.

279 Joel C Weinsheimer, Gadamer’s Hermeneutics: A Reading of Truth and Method (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985), 111.

280 Anthony C Thiselton, New Horizons in Hermeneutics: The Theory and Practice of Transforming Biblical Reading (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1992)

281 Anne M Clifford, Introducing Feminist Theology (New York: Orbis Books, 2001), 29.

282 Robin H S Boyd, An Introduction to Indian Theology (Madras: The Christian Literature Society, 1969), 259-260.

283 Gabirele Dietrich, “Women and Religious Identities in India After Ayodhya,” 23-49 in Women Re-shaping Theology, Compiled by Lalrinawmi Ralte (Delhi: ISPCK, 1998), 24.

284 I Howard Marshall, “Mutual Love and Submission in Marriage” pp. 186-204 in Pierce and Groothuis, Discovering Biblical Equality (England: Apollos, 2005), 202. See also I Howard Marshall, Beyond the Bible: Moving from Scripture to Theology (Grand Rapids: Michigan, Baker Academic, 2004).

285 Elaine Storkey, op. cit., 45.

286 Kraft, Christianity in Culture, op. cit., 302.

287 Carolyn Osiek, op. cit., 187.

288 John Piper and Wayne Grudem, Recovering Biblical Manhood and Womanhood a Response to Evangelical Feminism (Illionis: Crossway, 1991).

289 Aida Besancon Spencer, Beyond the Curse: Women Called to Ministry (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1985), Reprint (Peabody: Hendrickson, 1989) Cited in Pierce and Groothuis, Discovering Biblical Equality (England: Apollos, 2005), 63.

290 Gilbert Bilezikian, Beyond Sex Roles: A Guide for the Study of Female Roles in the Bible (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1985). Also see Pierce and Groothuis, Discovering Biblical Equality (England: Apollos, 2005), 63.

291 William J Webb, Slaves, Women and Homosexuals- Exploring the Hermeneutics of Cultural Analysis (Illinois: IVP Academic, 2001), 38.

292 Richard Bauckham, Gospel Women (London: T & T Clark, 2002), XIV.

293 Joel B Green, Scot McKnight, I Howard Marshall (eds.) Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels, (Leicester: Intervarsity, 1992), 882.

294 Stanley J Grenz with Denisemuir Kjesbo, Women in the Church: A Biblical Theology of Women in Ministry (Illinois: Intervarsity Press, 1995), 71.

295 Joel B Green et.al., op. cit., 886.

296 Ben Witherington III, Women in the Ministry of Jesus (Cambridge: University Press, 1984), 118.

297 Elizabeth Schussler Fiorenza, In Memory of Her: A Feminist Theological Reconstruction of Christian Origins (London: SCM, 1984).

298 Stanley J Grenz with Denis Muir Kjesbo, op. cit., 117.

299 Paul K Jewett, Man as Male and Female: A Study of Sexual Relationships from a Theological Point of View (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975) 137-140. Also see Edmund P Clowney, The Church- Contours of Christian Theology (Leicester: IVP, 1995), 215.

300 Mary Evans, Woman in the Bible (Exeter: The Paternoster Press, 1983), 115-116.

301 Gordon D Fee, “Male and Female in the New Creation, Gal. 3:26-29, 172-185 in Pierce and Groothuis, op. cit., 185.

302 Gerald F. Hawthorne, Ralph P. Martin and Daniel G Reid, op. cit., 589.

303 Richard Bauckham, “Egalitarianism and Hierarchy in the Biblical Traditions”, 259-273, in Interpreting the Bible, ed. A.N.S. Lane (Leicester: Apollos, 1997), 270.

304 Ben Witherington III, op. cit., 129.

305 See Gillian Beattie, Women and Marriage in Paul and His Early Interpreters, (London: T & T Clark, 2005) and Loretta Dornisch, Paul and Third World Women Theologians, (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1999).

306 Sinclair B Ferguson and David F Wright (eds), New Dictionary of Theology (Leicester: Inter varsity Press, 1988), 164.

307 Richard Bauckham, “Egalitarianism and Hierarchy in the Biblical Traditions,” op. cit., 271-272.

308 Paul’s epistle to Ephesians 5:25.

309 Aruna Gnanadason, No Longer a Secret (Geneva: WCC, 1993), 50.

310 Osiek, “Reading the Bible as Women” op. cit., 183.

311 Paul Ballard and John Pritchard, Practical Theology in Action (London: SPCK, 1996),3.

312 Lawrence W Neuman, Social Research Methods- Qualitative and Quantitative (London: Allyn &Bacon, 1994), 319.

313 John Swinton and Harriet Mowat, Practical Theology and Qualitative Research (London: SCM Press, 2006), 38.

314 Lawrence W Neuman, op. cit., 53.

315 Lawrence W Neuman, op. cit., 66.

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317 Smith, Robert B Linking Quality and Quantity, Part II: Surveys as Formalizations. Quantity and Quality, 22:3-30, 1988, 5.

318 Paul Ballard and John Pritchard, Practical Theology in Action (London: SPCK, 1996), 3.

319 John Swinton and Harriet Mowat, op. cit., V, Introduction.

320 Swinton.and Mowat, op. cit., VI.

321 S Franklin., C Lucy and J Stracey, Off- Centre: Feminism and Cultural Studies (London: Harper Collins, 1991).

322 Chris Barker, Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice (London: Sage, 2000), 224.

323 Sherry Gorelick, ‘Contradictions of Feminist Methodology’ in Gender and Society, 1991, 5: 459-477.

324 Yoland Wadsworth, Do It Yourself Social Research, 2^nd Edition (Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1997).

325 Wadsworth, ‘What is Feminist Research?’ accessed on 04/07/06.

326 Ibid. Also see Liz Stanley and Sue Wise, Breaking Out: Feminist Consciousness and Feminist Research (London: Routledge, 1983). Liz Stanley and Sue Wise, Breaking Out Again: Feminist Ontology and Epistemology (London: Routledge, 1993.)

327 Sandra Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (New York: Cornell University Press, 1986). Sandra Harding, Feminism and Methodology: Social Science Issues (Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1987). Sandra Harding, Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? (New York: Cornell University Press, 1991). Sandra Harding, The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader: Intellectual and Political Controversies (London: Routledge, 2004).

328 Helen Longino, The Fate of Knowledge (New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 2002). Helen Longino, Science as Social Knowledge (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990).

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