Jack London content introduction bob naturalism (1880s 1940s)

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Hard or Reductive Naturalism refers to the belief that a fundamental 
particle or arrangement of fundamental particles is what makes up 
everything that exists. It is ontological, which means it explores the 
relationships between concepts to understand the nature of being. 
Soft/Liberal Naturalism 
Soft or Liberal Naturalism accepts scientific explanations of human 
nature, but it also accepts that there may be other explanations for 
human nature that lies beyond scientific reasoning. It takes into account 
aesthetic value, morality and dimension, and personal experience. Many 
accept that the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) lay the 
foundations for Soft/Liberal Naturalism. 
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American Naturalism differed only slightly from Emile Zola's 
Naturalism. Frank Norris (1870-1902), an American Journalist, is 
credited with introducing American Naturalism. 
Frank Norris has been criticized in the 20th-21st century for his 
antisemitic, racist, and misogynistic depictions of people in his novels. 
He used scientific reasoning to justify his beliefs which was a common 
problem in 19th-century scholarship. 

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American Naturalism ranges in belief and stances. It includes authors 
such as Stephen Crane, Henry James, Jack London, William Dean 
Howells, and Theodore Dreiser. Faulkner is also a prolific Naturalist 
writer, who is known for his exploration of social structures built off of 
slavery and societal changes. He also explored hereditary influences 
beyond an individual's control. 
When Naturalism was growing in the United States, the country's 
economic backbone was built on slavery, and the country was in the 
midst of the Civil War (1861-1865). Many Slave Narratives were 
written to show how slavery was destructive to human character. A 
famous example is Frederick Douglass' 
My Bondage and My 
Freedom 
(1855).