Proverbial poetry: its settings and syntax
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The plane flew from Chicago. Goal: the desired or achieved end point The plane flew to New York. Location: spatial orientation of an object or event The paper is in the top drawer. Time: the temporal designation of the object or event
The plane left at five o'clock yesterday. Quantifier: tells how many of a thing He eats twice a day. Qualifier: tells the quality of the thing The foul ball went fair. ____________________ 1Beekman and others combine Experiencer and Patient into one class, "Affectant," which may be a helpful way of looking at this role (The Semantic
Manner: how something is done The book was read carefully. Accompanier: that which is attendant to the event or thing He came with Tony. Beneficiary: thing which is advantaged (or disadvantaged) by an event Mary bought Tom a convertible.
Specificity: designating a unique class or unit Any of the three people could have done it.
The attempt has been to allow for as many divisions as possible at this stage; then, if there is need, several of these categories may be collapsed. Pike, for instance, includes location, beneficiary, goal, and source into a single scope role. From some obvious examples, it is easy to see that sometimes there may be dual or co-referential roles in a sentence.1 In "Ron felt the elephant's nose," Ron is the actor as well as the experiencer. Thus, there may be some variation and overlap of semantic interpretation at this point. The inclusion of role has been very beneficial to grammatical studies although it must be acknowledged that it is not as exacting as normal non-semantically oriented syntactical analysis. This approach affords the analyst a glimpse at the deep structure; hence, one may be able, via this technique, to ____________________ 1Nida, Exploring Semantic Structures, p. 40; Chafe, Meaning and Structure of Language, p. 151; Cook, Case Grammar, pp. 93, 136; and Liles, An Introduction to Linguistics, p. 166. discover syntactic-semantic crosses or "interweavings," which may have been overlooked by a bifurcated syntactic and/or semantic approach. Specifying the role of the verb was the contribution of Wallace Chafe. Chafe divided the verbal deep structure into state, process, action/process, and action. A state is when a thing is said to be in a certain condition or state (e.g., "the towel is wet" or "the dissertation is dry"). Process verbs answer the question "what is happening?" (e.g., "the plot thickened" or "the ice cream melted"). Action verbs answer the question "what did X do?" (e.g., "Rebekah played" or "the faucet sang"). Action/process verbs answer both questions (e.g., "Natanya ate the ice cream"; what did she do? and what happened to the ice cream?).1 Chafe has also developed terminology describing shifts from state to process (inchoative); process to action/process (causative); and action/process to action (deprocessive); as well as from action back down to state.2 An example of inchoation would be the shift from the state "the path is wide" to the process "the path widened." Also included in the role box is whether the verb is transitive, ____________________ 1Chafe, Meaning and the Structure of Language, pp. 95-104. Chafe's ambient case is being included under state.
68, 204.
intransitive, or equative and whether it is active, passive, or reflexive.1 Other linguists who have developed case relations have adopted Chafe's categories.2 Cook develops case frames for each type of verb; that is, he lists which cases naturally go with each verb.3 This matching of verb type with concurrent cases is similar to the European valence theory proposed by Tesniere and others.4 These theories stress the verb as determinative of the accompanying cases whether overt or covert. Pike cautions against an absolute verbal determinism through an example which demonstrates how nouns influence verbal content ("worse than raining cats is hailing taxis").5 The tree diagram on the following page should help to illustrate how role/case will be used in the analysis. Case grammar has been incorporated into the third box of the tagmeme thereby allowing this system ____________________ 1This writer is collapsing Pike's categories of bi-transitive, transitive, bi-intransitive, intransitive, bi-equative, and equative into just those without the bi- prefix which distinguishes between those which have scope and those which do not (Grammatical Analysis, pp. 42-44.).
Longacre, An Anatomy of Speech Notions, p. 39. 3Cook, Case Grammar, pp. 126, 203. 4H. Frosch, "On Valence-Binding Grammars," in Valence, Semantic Case, and Grammatical Relations, p. 157; Cook, Case Grammar, p. 112; and Liles, An Introduction to Linguistics, p. 157. 5Pike, "On Describing Languages," p. 15. to provide formulae which will account for both surface and deep grammatical formations. The rationale for including deep structure features which are quasi-semantic in nature is that this deep grammar will aid in separating parallel lines which may match on the surface but actually are diverse in terms of their deep structures. Similarly some bi-cola which are diverse on the surface syntactical level may prove to be "deep matches." Case grammar will help discover such phenomena.1 Tagmemic Grammar Tagmemic grammar is a sophisticated method of monitoring grammatical relationships on all levels from the morpheme up to the discourse. It was designed by Kenneth Pike and has been successful in analyzing over 600 languages, many of which had been unknown.2 It allows one to specify both emic (language specific particulars) and ____________________
41-70. His analysis of Prov 11:4 shows that it looks like a match, when actually the deep structure is quite contrastive. This may also be viewed as a poetic technique mapping syntactically equivalent units which by deep grammar are actually dissimilar. This again demonstrates the sophistication of the poetic mode of expression.
Pike's most recent book proffers a four-box tagmeme which will be employed in this study mutatis mutandi. Earlier he designed a two-box system (slot/filler), which is much more easily understood. For pedagogical reasons, it may be helpful to start with Walter A. Cook's book, Introduction to Tagmemic Analysis (Washington, DC: Georgetown Universtiy Press, 1969), which illustrates an easy form of the two-box model. S
Agent Action Patient Instr Ben Manner Loc Time [CASE S   Active
NP V NP PrepP PrepP PrepP PrepP PrepP     
Det N Prep NP Prep Np Prep NP Prep NP Prep NP            
Spec Pat 
Det N Det Adj N Det Adj N Det N Det Adj N 
[    
Annette cut the pizza with a knife for the crazy kids in a hurried manner on the table at the last minute. etic (more cross-cultural and linguistically universal) features. In describing a specific language, one moves from the etic to the emic.1 An attempt will be made first to introduce tagmemics in general so that the concepts of the grammar may be understood. An extended example of a verse of Proverbs will demonstrate the method employed in this study to analyze 368 lines of Hebrew poetry. The corpus of this study will be analyzed only in terms of the syntactical relationship within the bi-colon and not in developing a grammar of Proverbs, although the data base will be presented for such a study.2 A tagmeme is a constituent of construction featuring four different aspects of grammatical analysis.
------------------- ROLE COHESION While the tagmeme may be used on any level of analysis up to the discourse, its use on the clause level will be easiest to begin with and more germane to this study. The grammatical slot (e.g., subject, predicate, object [adjunct], etc.) is filled by a certain filler (e.g., noun phrase, verb, adjective, etc.) which plays a specific ____________________ 1Pike and Pike, Grammatical Analysis, pp. xix-xx. 2Therefore this study will not be as diversified as Dahood's analysis of the Psalter, but will be more in line with O'Connor's work, which looks for specific relations within the bi-colon. role (e.g., cases/roles such as agent, instrument, experiencer etc.) in the sentence. Cohesion is what binds the constituents together (e.g., agreement between the subject and the verb in gender and number).1 None of these is new; but the scientific monitoring of all four in concert (via a formulaic expression which allows for the synthesis of grammatical information) is. This method utilizes, as does TG, tree diagrams. In normal tagmemic trees the slot is given above the line, the role below the line, and the class of the filler is given at the node.2 In this study, for ease of expression, all four features will be listed columnically at the node, rather than above and below the connecting lines. Certain advantages of tagmemics over TG should be apparent. The coordination of slot and filler class and the inclusion of role/case into the formulae are both superior to the TG formulae approach, which treats only fillers (N, NP, VP, etc.). Tagmemics also allows for the ____________________
Recent studies on cohesion have already started to reap rich rewards in biblical studies, though a formalized study of this phenomenon can only be broached here. Vid., H. Van Dyke Parunak, "Transitional Techniques in the Bible," JBL 102.4 (1983):525-48. Cf. Jones, Theme in English Expository Discourse, pp. 85-87 and M. A. K. Halliday and Ruqniya Hasan, Cohesion in English (London: Longman, 1976). 2Pike and Pike give an interesting tree diagram of the Rich Young Ruler up to the discourse level (Grammatical Analysis, pp. 12, 14, 359-73). movement from individual formulae to charts, which encourages the comparison of similar syntagmatic strings thereby permitting for paradigmatic as well as syntagmatic comparisons.1 Two types of relationships immediately appear. These are: (1) endocentric, which is composed of an obligatory head and an optional modifier (e.g., NP --- [Art.] + N, where the N is obligatory and the [Art.] is optional); and (2) exocentric, in which both elements are obligatory (e.g., PrepP --- Prep + NP, where the Prep must be followed by a NP).2 An example from Proverbs 10:1 may be helpful at this point. ____________________
pp. 36-38. 2Brown and Miller, Syntax, pp. 255-57. TCRt  
Obj P S [Slot] Exp AP/T/Act Ca [Role] N V NP [Filler]  >m>s
Mod Hd [Slot] Qual It [Role] Adj N [Filler] >m>s m>s> [Parsing]
Masc Pi Masc Masc Sing Impf Sing Sing Abs 3ms Abs Abs
אַב יְשׂמַּח חָכָם בֵּן (father) (happy) (wise) (son) "A wise son makes a father happy."
absolute, Act = active verb; Acc = accompaniment (role); Adj = adjective; Adv = adverb; Ag = agent(role); AP = action/process verb; Ben = beneficiary; c = construct; d = dual; Exp = experiencer; f = feminine; Hd = head; Gl =goal; It = item (role); IT = intransitive verb; Loc = location (role); m = masculine; Mar = margin; man = manner (role); mod = modifier; N = noun; NP = noun phrase; Nuc = nuclear; Obj = object; p = plural; P = predicate; Pass = passive verb; Pat = patient (role); PC = Process verb; Prep = preposition; Qual = quality (role); Quan = Quantity; RA = relator axis; s = singular; Sent. = sentence; So = source; Spc = specifier (role); S = subject; ST = state verb; T = transitive verb; TClRt = transitive clause root; Tm = time; V = verb; VP = verb phrase; #> = governing element (cohesion); ># governed element; >#> mutual agreement (# = number; G = gender). the traditional diagrammatic analysis does. Another of the advantages of TG and tagmemics over traditional diagrammatic analysis is that a formula can be generated from the diagram. This formula can then be compared, by analytic means, to other related and unrelated formulae and can be charted so that grammatical features may be observed through out the corpus. Such a synthesis is fundamental to the development of grammatical understanding and is inhibited by a mere graphic diagram approach.1 Explanation will be given of how the movement is made from the diagram to the formula. The subject slot is filled by the NP (noun phrase) חָכָם (a wise son), which has the role of the causer (Ca) and will govern the verb in number (#) and gender (G). The cohesion is indicated by s>/m>, meaning that the subject governs the verb which is singular (s) a ------------- Ca s>/m>
The Noun Phrase חָכָם (a wise son) is composed of two constituents: (1) a modifier (Mod) which is filled by an ____________________
Janua Linguarum Series Practica, 231 (The Hague: Mouton, 1974), shows how this method can result in the compilation and sorting out of grammatical data which had not been accessible before. Pike illustrates how one can use comparative charts to analyze all similar clause formulae (Grammatical Analysis, pp. 36-38). adjective (Adj) in the role of specifying quality (Qual); and (2) a head (Hd) filled by a noun (N) in the role of an item (It) of discussion. The formula for the NP (a wise son), which is the subject is:
---------------- + ------------- Qual >s/>m It s>/m>
singular absolute. The total resultant formula for בֵּן חָכָם (a wise son) is: Hd N (msa) Mod Adj (msa)
---------------------- + --------------------------- It s>/m> בֵּן e Qual >s/>m חָכָם S ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ca
Notice that fifth and sixth boxes have been added. The fifth is added so that the parsing will become part of the formula and the sixth is the word itself so that one can more readily keep track of what exactly is being formulated.1 ____________________ 1Another advantage of a formulaic approach will be in computer-aided searching and compiling of similar and dissimilar features. Proverbs 10:1b NVCRt (Non-verbal clause root)
10:1a
[Slot] Psc2 S Ctr [Role] cl It Cl [Filler] NP NP Link
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NP= Mod Adj Hd N
