Stry of higher and secondary specialized education of the republic of uzbekistan termez state university

1.1.     Terminology as a lexical subsystem of the language

A review of the literature on the linguistic analysis of terminology suggests that the emergence and development of this set of lexical subsystems began long before its scientific comprehension and the development of criteria for attributing certain units to terminological vocabulary. As noted by M.A.Chigashev, these processes took place isomorphically to the spontaneous emergence and evolution of denotates and their corresponding concepts, and on the basis of the general literary language, which allows us to consider terminology as part of the general lexical-semantic system of the language¹

Language, according to V. Raskin, is a social phenomenon that is realized in speech, individual in nature². E.G. Grigoryan noted that the language - a system in which all inter - connected, interdependent and mutually conditioned. This system, according to the scientist, consists of elements that occupy a certain place in this system. The systemic organization is found at all levels of the language, but the lexical system is structured differently from the morphological or phonological one, and it is not so easy to outline its boundaries. The set of phonemes in the language is small, grammatical phenomena are also limited, but the lexical composition of the language is not fully known to anyone, not a single native speaker of the language has full command of the vocabulary. The vocabulary, unlike other subsystems of the language, changes very quickly and is the most mobile part of this system. Any person throughout his life becomes a witness to the disappearance of some words and the appearance in their place of other lexical units. However, as E.G. Grigoryan, any such change cannot be considered capable of rebuilding the lexical system. The lexical system is a set of smaller subsystems that unite groups of words related by meaning³. The same opinion is shared by N.N.Amosova, who says that the language most freely assimilates lexical elements; the syntactic structure and system of form-making are much less susceptible to outside influences, and even less so is the phonetic composition of the language. Most works on the historical grammar of the English language convincingly show that the development of its grammatical structure is a natural and natural process, the course of which could not be significantly influenced by any other language⁴.

O.S. Akhmanova defines vocabulary as a stylistic layer in the vocabulary of the language⁵. Yu.V. Baklagova expresses a fairly obvious opinion that the vocabulary of a language is an ordered set of elements connected by certain relationships. Despite the fact that the lexical system is quite open, and the number of elements itself is immeasurably large in comparison with the elements of other systems, the vocabulary is still a relatively stable and observable system in each given period of language development. All words of the language are included in its lexical system, and there are no words that would be outside this system and were perceived in isolation. The lexical microsystem, which is identified in linguistics with the concept of a complex semantic field, is an integral part of the individual's picture of the world and represents the complex interaction of the diverse structures of his knowledge⁶.

V. Raskin emphasizes that certain types of language subsystems are studied by various linguistic disciplines. Subsystems, in his opinion, are languages ​​for certain groups of people connected by some kind of relationship. So, the researcher singles out dialectology, which studies the subsystems that serve groups of people living in a certain territory and occupying a certain position in the structure of society. A specialist in the field of bilingualism studies the subsystems used for communication purposes by groups of people who find themselves in special territorial or social conditions in which two different language systems collide, etc. In this regard, S.G. Nikolaev tries to solve general and particular problems of bilingual communication; correlations of two languages ​​- "first" and "second" - with bilingualism; types (varieties) of bilingualism represented by social, professional and individual, or creative / literary bilingualism⁷. In each of these cases, as V. Raskin notes, subsystems are studied that are used by a certain group as a natural means of communication⁸.

Depending on the use of words by a particular group of people, vocabulary can be divided into the following subsystems: professional vocabulary, common vocabulary, slang vocabulary, dialect vocabulary.

It seems interesting to us to consider in more detail exactly the professional vocabulary, as well as to analyze a number of its existing definitions and to work out the one that most accurately reveals the essence of this phenomenon, and to substantiate it. In addition, we will try to highlight the correlations of professional vocabulary and terminology.

Professional vocabulary is used by people of a certain profession, having as a field of activity any special branch of science or technology. In turn, each area of human activity has its own terminology. L.V.Molchkova by professional vocabulary, means a complex association based on terms, on the one hand, , and on the other, on common vocabulary, i.e. those words and phrases that are used to describe various specialized aspects of activity (the so-called metalanguage). Terms are the core of this vocabulary group, which is natural. However, the field of professional vocabulary is much wider than the terminological system, since it includes professional jargon and lexical units that have become obsolete, which makes it possible to show the dynamics of the development of the system and explain the features of its current state⁹. As noted by A.I. Marochkin, “artificially created scientific and technical terminology, usually recorded in special dictionaries” stands out in professional lexical systems¹⁰.

V.M.Leichik believes that in science the artificial is opposed to the natural, the spontaneous - to the conscious, and the mixing of these two oppositions, in the author's opinion, is inappropriate. Accordingly, the aggregates of terms that form the terminology are not created artificially, although the method of their formation cannot be named by opposition and natural¹¹. From these statements, it can be concluded that the terms are components of professional vocabulary and terminology, but in professional vocabulary they are created artificially on the basis of terms that function in narrower linguistic subsystems. B.A.Serebrennikov explains that there are points of contact between the professional vocabulary that arose naturally and the artificially created terminology, and in speech practice these two lexical systems are often confused. However, the artificially created terminology is more stable, standard and does not have territorial variants. Professional vocabulary is usually used in business styles, is distinguished by the accuracy of meanings and is not very expressive precisely because of the large number of terms¹². D.E. Rosenthal, I.B. Golub, M.A. Telenkov, professional vocabulary includes words and expressions used in various spheres of production, techniques that, however, have not become common, and they note that professional vocabulary is based on professionalism. Unlike terms as official scientific names of special concepts, professionalisms function mainly in oral speech as "semi-official" words that do not have a strictly scientific nature¹³.

A.B. Superanskaya, N.V. Podolskaya and N.V. Vasiliev say that if the vocabulary of the national language is represented in the form of a sphere, then the core can be considered common vocabulary, and the perinuclear or peripheral zones are occupied by separate sublanguages. In this case, the distance of the location of the corresponding sublanguage in relation to the nucleus is due to the age of the branch of knowledge¹⁴. On the other hand, O.V. Klimova already considers terminology as the core of the language of professional communication, while the periphery of such a field structure, according to the author, consists of units of oral professional vocabulary, or professionalisms, and then there are professional jargon (if any) and on the periphery there are nomenclature units. prostrate "¹⁵. These statements, with all the controversy and sometimes contradictory positions of the authors, indicate an obvious correlation between terminology and professional vocabulary.

We consider it legitimate to identify genus-specific relationships between these concepts and build the following endocentric series: terminology - professional vocabulary (PL) - professionalism (P) - professional slang (PS) - professional jargon (PZ). (See diagram 1 in the appendix).

At the same time, a slightly different approach is possible to the problem under consideration. I.V. Arnold, by professional vocabulary, understands vocabulary specific to some branch of human activity or profession, but used only in oral communication and, therefore, has no definitions in special literature. Professional vocabulary in the proper sense of the word refers to the times when knowledge about many types of crafts was spread orally¹⁶. T.B. Kosareva similarly believes that professional vocabulary is “the vocabulary characteristic of this professional group, used in the speech of people united by a common profession¹⁷.

We take into account the opinion of I.V. Arnold and we believe that professional vocabulary is a specific form of terminology existence, and the sphere of functioning of professional vocabulary is professional communication, which can be both written and oral. The most successful characteristic of professionalisms in terms of delimiting them from terms, in our opinion, is presented in the position of V.F. Novodranova, who emphasizes that, unlike terms, professionalisms are subjective units. They record that part of professional information that is actualized in everyday actions and through experience is correlated with the personal world of a person and verbalizes certain everyday concepts. In professionalism, according to the researcher, together with scientific and everyday knowledge obtained in the sensory, everyday perception of the world are objectified¹⁸. In our opinion, the correlation of professionalism with everyday knowledge is the key difference between professional vocabulary and terminology.

So, the lexical system of the language is one of the elements of the language as a whole. It is the most mobile in comparison with other subsystems. In turn, the lexical system consists of separate, but mutually correlating subsystems. It is advisable to include among them professional (terminological) vocabulary, common, slang and dialectal vocabulary. Communication at any level of communication is impossible without common vocabulary; it belongs to all its forms and registers. Terminological vocabulary is the most dynamic, since the world of scientific and technological progress does not stand still, but is constantly evolving, new concepts appear that need to be nominated, as a result of which new terms are formed. The terminology of a certain sphere of human activity or a specific science is created by a person in the process of cognition. Nevertheless, there is a constant exchange between the common and terminological vocabulary, as a result of which there is a determination of the special vocabulary and the terminology of the common vocabulary. The enrichment of the vocabulary of the language is largely due to the emergence of new terms and concepts.