John Organ et al. / IFAC PapersOnLine 52-25 (2019) 148–153
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framework which addresses interoperability issues in the
management of risk in the international financial domain and
provide a basis for new standards which address more
holistically human factors in financial systems.
4.2 Academic Contribution
The academic contribution is the
recasting of systemic risk
theory into a human centred systems framework. First, the
study used a social technical approach informed by social and
organisational paradigms as the theoretical approach. This
study provides support for the premise that socio-technical
theory to risk in the financial domain, in financial institutions
must consider the human element when examining risk issues.
Second, the results of this study suggest that current
conceptions about risk do not correspond with the needs of
practice.
4.3 Policy Contribution
Policy frameworks as set out, for example, by Central Banks
and Regulators traditionally lacked a focus on social technical
and related factors such as knowledge, culture etc. They also
lacked a rich appreciation of the risk context. The Central Bank
of Ireland (2018) use thematic inspections as a tool for the
identification of conduct risks that effect customers. Those
inspections have focused on the nature and scope of banking
products and how they affect customers. However, the Central
Bank of Ireland (2018) has recognised customers can be
exposed to risk from other sources including the banks
business model, culture, governance, or systems and processes
therefore the theoretical framework set out in figure 2, can be
used as an additional tool to inform policy and reframe risk
management in Irish banking more generally.
4.4 Methodological Contribution
The methodology adapted here, involving text analysis using
NVivo software has not received much attention as a way of
analysing systemic risk factors in the financial services sector.
The depth of insight derived from the expert testimony using
this methodology would have been difficult to achieve using
more traditional quantitative techniques such as online survey.
Furthermore, the analysis of expert testimony made publicly
available through the various proceedings of the banking
tribunal overcame potential ethical difficulties associated with
personal interviews. Finally, this paper demonstrates how
society at large can draw formal, scientifically reliable and rich
insights from testimonies and reports which are very costly to
produce. The methodology used here can be replicated for
other banks to draw out deep lessons that need to be learned
from catastrophic failure such as the banking crisis of 2008-
2009.
4.5 Future Research
A direction that future research could take concerns the
framework developed in this research and whether the findings
can be applied beyond the single bank chosen in this case.
Further research could be undertaken to refine, modify or
confirm the framework by replicating or expanding this study
to include the other Irish banks covered in the banking inquiry.
The framework can be formalised into a semantic
web model
as proposed in an academic paper published at the IFAC World
Congress in 2017 (see Organ and Stapleton, 2017). Future
research will further formalise this framework
as a machine
readable, semantic system using Protégé or other knowledge
engineering framework.
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS
The financial crisis was a disaster for the Irish economy.
Ireland took ten years to recover. It is critical that lessons are
learned and that policy makers reframe their risk management
principles and policies. If the lessons are not learned sadly
history is likely to repeat itself.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge the work of The
Houses of the Oireachtas. They encourage the re-use of the
information they produced for the banking inquiry including
for research and study purposes.
REFERENCES
Ardalan, K. (2011). Globalization and information
technology: Four paradigmatic views.
Technology in
Society,
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