Imagining the End: Visions of
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| The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure
(Ithaca, NY, ), p.
. Turner describes communitas as (i) existential or spontaneous communitas with its ad hoc character, (ii) normative communitas which is a social system marked by social control; and (iii) ideological communitas of utopian radicalism. This pattern is reflected in the phases of historical marginality as discussed here. . The term is that of Arnold van Gennep, The Rites of Passage, trans. Monika B. Vizedom and Gabrielle L. Caffee (Chicago, IL,
), pp – , . . Muhammad Bello’s correspondence with al-Kanemíi in Bello, Infaq al-Maysur , ed. C .E. J. Whitting (London,
), p.
. Also cited in J. Spencer Trimingham, A History of Islam in West Africa (London, ), p.
. . Ibn Battuta, Rihlah ; trans. H. A. R. Gibb, Travels in Asia and Africa [
] (London, ), pp.
– . . Shari'a in Songhay , trans. John Hunwick (London, ), pp.
– . Notes to Chapters 11 and 12 385 . Turner, Ritual Process , p.
. . So said al-Ghazali. Duncan Black Macdonald, The Religious Attitude and Life in Islam [ ] (London,
), pp.
– . . Cited in Mervyn Hiskett, The Sword of Truth: The Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman dan Fodio (New York, ), p.
. . Ibid., p. . . van Gennep, The Rites of Passage , trans. Monika B. Vizedom and Gabrielle L. Caffee (Chicago, IL,
), p.
. . 'Uthman dan Fodio, Bayan wujub al-hijra 'ala 'l 'ibad , ed. and trans. F. H. El-Masri (Khartoum, London,
), p. . . For a discussion of this mahdist theme in dan Fodio’s career see M. A. Al-Hajj, ‘The Thirteenth Century in Muslim Eschatology: Mahdist Expectations in the Sokoto Caliphate’,
(Ibadan) , no.
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– . . Hannah Arendt, commenting on the phenomenon of the Boer sense of isolation as ‘the first European group to become completely alienated from the pride which Western man felt in living in a world created and fabricated by himself ’, argues that rootlessness is characteristic of race organization, of the hatred of territorial limitation. Rootlessness inspired in this instance ‘an activistic faith in one’s divine chosenness’. Hannah Arendt, Yüklə 4,01 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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