Lecture 1 Phonetics as a Linguistic Science Plan

Modifications of Consonants in Connected Speech
Language in everyday use is not conducted in terms of isolated, separate units; it is performed in connected sequences of larger units, in words, phrases and longer ut­terances.

Consonants are modified according to the place of articulation.

ilation takes place when a sound changes its character in order to become more like a neighbouring sound. The characteristic which can vary in this way is nearly always the place of articula­tion, and the sounds concerned are commonly those which involve a complete closure at some point in the mouth that is plosives and nasals which may be illustrated as follows:

1. 
   The dental [t], [d], followed by the interdental, sounds (partial regressive assimilation when the influence goes backwards from a "latter" sound to an "earlier" one), e.g. "eigth","at the", "breadth", "said that".
   
2. 
   The post-alveolar [t], [d] under the influence of the post-alveolar [r] (partial regressive assimilation), e.g. "free", "true", 'that right word", "dry", "dream", 'the third room".
   
3. 
   The post-alveolar [s], [z] before [J] (complete regressive assimilation), e.g. horse-shoe, this shop, does she.
   
4. 
   The affricative [t + j], [d + j] combinations (incomplete regressive assimilation), e.g. graduate , congratulate, did you, could you , what do you say.
   

The manner of articulation is also changed as a result of assimilation, which includes:

1. 
   Loss of plosion. In the sequence of two plosive consonants the former loses its plosion: glad to see you, great trouble, and old clock (partial regressive assimilations).
   
2. 
   Nasal plosion. In the sequence of a plosive followed by a nasal sonorant the manner of articulation of the plosive sound and the work of the soft palate are involved, which results in the nasal character of plosion release: sudden, nor now, at night, let me see (partial regressive assimilations).
   
3. 
   Lateral plosion. In the sequence of a plosive followed by the lateral sonorant [l] the noise production of the plosive stop is changed into that of the lateral stop: settle, table, at last (partial regressive assimilations). It is obvious that in each of the occasions one characteristic feature of the phoneme is lost.
   

The voicing value of a consonant may also change through assimilation. This type of assimilation affects the work of the vocal cords and the force of articulation. In particular voiced lenis sounds become voiceless fortis when followed by another voice­less sound, e.g.:

1. 
   Fortis voiceless/lenis voiced type of assimilation is best manifested by the regres­sive assimilation in such words as newspaper (news [z] + paper); goosebeny (goose [s] + berry). In casual informal speech voicing assimilation is often met, e.g. have to do it ['h«f t9'du:], five past two ['faif past 'tu:]. The sounds which assimilate their voicing are usually, as the examples show, voiced lenis fricatives assimilated to the initial voiceless fortis conso­nant of the following word. Grammatical items, in particular, are most affected: [z] of has, is, does changes to [s], and [v] of of, have becomes [f], e.g.
   

She's five. Of course.

She has fine eyes. You've spoiled it.

Does Pete like it?

2. 
   The weak forms of the verbs is and has are also assimilated to the final voice­less fortis consonants of the preceding word thus the assimilation is functioning in the progressive direction, e.g.
   

Your aunt's coming.

What's your name? (partial progressive assimilation)

3. 
   English sonorants [m, n, r, 1, j, w] preceded by the fortis voiceless conso­nants [p, t, k, s] are partially devoiced, e.g. smart, snake, tray, quick, twins, play, pride (partial progressive assimilation).
   

Lip position may be affected by the accommodation, the interchange of consonant + vowel type. Labialisation of consonants is traced under the influence of the neighboring back vowels (accommodation), e.g. pool, moon, rude, soon, who, cool, etc. It is possible to speak about the spread lip position of consonants followed or preceded by front vowels [i:], [i], e.g. tea - beat; meet - team; feat - leaf, keep - leak.; sit - miss (accommodation).

The position of the soft palate is also involved in the accommodation. Slight nasalization as the result of prolonged lowering of the soft palate is sometimes traced in vowels under the influence of the neighboring consonants [m] and [n], e.g. and, morning, men, come in (accommodation).

Elision or complete loss of sounds, both vowels and consonants, is observed in the structure of English words. It is typical of rapid colloquial speech and marks the following sounds:

1. 
   Loss of [h] in personal and possessive pronouns he, his, her, him and the forms of the auxiliary verb have, has, had is widespread, e.g. What has he done?
   
2. 
   [1] tends to be lost when preceded by , e.g. always, already [o:'redi], all right [o:'rait].
   
3. 
   Alveolar plosives are often elided in case the cluster is followed by another consonant, e.g. next day , just one, mashed potatoes. If a vowel follows, the consonant remains, e.g. first of all, passed in time. Whole sylla­bles may be elided in rapid speech: library ['laibri], literary ['litri].
   

Examples of historical elision are also known. They are initial consonants in write, know, knight, the medial consonant [t] in fasten, listen, whistle, castle.

While the elision is a very common process in connected speech, we also occasion­ally find sounds being inserted. When a word which ends in a vowel is followed by another word beginning with a vowel, the so-called intrusive "r" is sometimes pronounced between the vowels.

The so-called linking "r," is a common example of insertion, e.g. clearer, a teacher of English.

When the word-final vowel is a diphthong which glides to [i] such as [ai], [ei] the palatal sonorant [j] tends to be inserted, e.g. saying; trying.

In case of the [U]-gliding diphthongs [au], [au] the bilabial sonorant [w] is sometimes inserted, e.g. going, allowing.

The process of inserting the sonorants [r], [j] or [w] may seem to contradict the ten­dency towards the economy of articulatory efforts. The explanation for it lies in the fact that it is apparently easier from the articulatory point of view to insert those sounds than to leave them out.

The insertion of a consonant-like sound, namely a sonorant, interrupts the sequence of two vowels (VV) to make it a more optional syllable type: consonant + vowel (CV). Thus, insertion occurs in connected speech in order to facilitate the process of articulation for the speaker, and not as a way of providing extra information for the listener.

The ability to produce English with an English-like pattern of stress and rhythm involves stress-timing (= the placement of stress only on selected syllables), which in turn requires speakers to take shortcuts in how they pronounce words. Natural sounding pronunciation in conversational English is achieved through blends, overlapping, reduction and omissions of sounds to accommodate its stress- timed rhythmic pattern, i.e. to squeeze syllables between stressed elements and facilitate their articulation so that the regular timing can be maintained.