Marx’s comments on James Mill's book

issued, to fulfil their engagements. Second, -- Forgery. Third, --

The alteration of the value of the currency". P. 110 (p. 149).

 Section XII. "... the precious metals, are [...] that commodity

[which is the most generally bought and sold...]. Those

commodities alone can be exported, which are cheaper in the

country from which they go, than in the country to which they

are sent; and that those commodities alone can be imported,

which are dearer in the country to which they come, than in the

country from which they are sent". Accordingly it depends on

the value of the precious metals in a country whether they are

imported or exported. Pp. 128, 129 [p. 175 et seq.].

 Section XIII. "When we speak of the value of the precious

metal, we mean the quantity of other things for which it will

exchange." This relation is different in different countries and

even in different parts of the country. "We say that living is

more cheap; in other words, commodities may be purchased

with a smaller quantity of money." P. 131 [p. 177].

 Section XVI. The relation between nations is like that between

merchants.... "The merchants [...] will always buy in the

cheapest market, and sell in the dearest." P. 159 (p. 215).

 IV. Consumption.

 "Production, Distribution, Exchange [...] are means. No man

produces for the sale of producing [....] distribution and

exchange are only the intermediate operations [for bringing the

things which have been produced into the hands of those who

are] to consume them." P. 177 (p. 237),

 Section I. "Of Consumption, there are two species." 1)

Productive. It includes everything "expended for the sake of

something to be produced" and comprise' "the necessaries of

the labourer...." The second class then [...] "machinery;

including tools [...], the buildings necessary for the productive

operations, and even the cattle. The third is, the material of

which the commodity to be produced must be formed, or from

which it must be derived". Pp. 178, 179 (pp. 238, 239). "[Of

these three classes of things,] it is only the second, the

consumption of which is not completed in the course of the

productive operations." P. 179 (loc. cit.).

 2) Unproductive consumption. "The wages" given to a

"footman" and "all consumption, which does not take place to

the end that something, which may be an equivalent for it, may

be produced by means of it, is unproductive consumption". Pp.

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179, 180 (p. 240). "Productive consumption is itself a means; it

is a mean to production. Unproductive consumption [...] is not a

means." It "is the end. This or the enjoyment which is involved

in it, is the good which constituted the motive to all the

operations by which it was preceded". P. 180 (p. 241). "By

productive consumption, nothing is lost [....] Whatever is

unproductively consumed, is lost." P. 180 (loc. cit.). "That

which is productively consumed is always capital. This is a

property of productive consumption which deserves to be

particularly remarked [....] Whatever is consumed productively"

is capital and "become capital." P. 181 (p. [241,] 242). "The

whole of what the productive powers of the country have

brought into existence in the course of a year, is called the gross

annual produce. Of this the greater part is required to replace

the capital which has been consumed [....] What remains of the

gross produce, after replacing the capital which has been

consumed, is called the net produce; and is always distributed

either as profits of stock, or as rent." Pp. 181, 182 (pp. 242,

243). "This net produce is the fund from which all addition to

the national capital is commonly made." (loc. cit.) "... the two

species of consumption" are matched by "the two species of

labour, productive and unproductive...." P. 182 (p. 244).

 Section II. "... the whole of what is annually produced, is

annually consumed; or [...] what is produced in one year, is

consumed in the next." Either productively or unproductively.

P. 184 (p. 246).

 Section III. "Consumption is co-extensive with production." "A

man produces, only because he wishes to have. If the

commodity which he produces is the commodity which he

wishes to have, he stops when he has produced as much as he

wishes to have [....] When a man produces a greater quantity

[...] than he desires for himself, it "n only be on one account;

namely, that he desires some other commodity, which he can

obtain in exchange for the surplus of what he himself has

produced.... If a man desires one thing, and produces another, it

can only be because the thing which he desires can be obtained

by means of the thing which he produces, and better obtained

than if he had endeavoured to produce it himself. After labour

has been divided [...] each producer confines himself to some

one commodity or part of a commodity, a small portion only of

what he produces is used for his own consumption. The

remainder he destines for the purpose of supplying him with all

the other commodities which he desires; and when each man

confines himself to one commodity, and exchanges what he

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