vi
özgürlük, ortak kültür ve yaşam tarzı gibi kavramlar ortak
bir kimliğin ve bilincin
yaratılmasının unsurları olarak önem kazanmışlardır. Böylece 16. Yüzyılın ikinci
yarısından itibaren Dağlıların uzun soluklu özgürlük ve kimlik mücadelesi başlar.
Bu çalışmanın temel amacı da Kuzey Kafkasya halklarının, ister vatan
topraklarında
olsun ister sürgünde, bu uzun soluklu kimlik ve dolayısıyla özgürlük
mücadelelerini incelemek ve devamlılıkları ortaya koymaktır. Bu çerçevede bu
çalışma, mücadelelerin tüm safhalarını kapsayan ilk kapsamlı çalışma olmayı
hedeflemektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler:
Kuzey Kafkasya, Dağlılar, Dağlı Cumhuriyeti, Birlik.
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the preparation of this thesis I have been fortunate to have the assistance of
a number of people and institutions, and now is the time to convey my appreciation.
They all deserve my special gratitude.
First of all, I owe the greatest debt of gratitude to Professor Ali İhsan BAĞIŞ
who helped me patiently in developing my academic mind
and supported me virtually
at all my difficult times. I also owe a lot to my supervisor, Associate Professor Dr.
Hakan Kırımlı. His firm support and guidance made the conclusion of this thesis
possible. My heartfelt thanks for their passionate encouragement
and support in my
research pursuit. I also thank to Professor Norman STONE, Professor Dr. Erol
TAYMAZ, and Assistant Professor Dr. Hasan ÜNAL for their kind and expert
critiques on my thesis.
Thanks are also due to Sefer BERZEG for his support.
I have benefited greatly
from conversations with him. I also owe similar debts to Muhittin ÜNAL and
KAFDER, KAFKAS VAKFI and ŞAMİL VAKFI and their staff.
I am grateful to American Research Institute in Turkey contributed to the
realization of this thesis with the scholarship that they provided.
Lastly,
a thankful hug to my wife, Özlem, for her kind and enduring attitude
and support to my research. She deserves more than usual thanks. It goes without
saying that the responsibility for the completed work is entirely my own.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... iii
ÖZET ...................................................................................................................................v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................................................................vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................ viii
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................1
CHAPTER I: THE NORTH CAUCASUS, THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE AND THE
NEED FOR UNIFICATION.........................................................................................6
1-T
HE
N
ORTH
C
AUCASIAN
G
EOGRAPHY
...........................................................................7
2-E
THNIC AND
L
INGUISTIC
F
ORMATION
.........................................................................11
3-T
HE
R
ELIGIOUS
S
TRUCTURE
........................................................................................15
4-T
HE
S
OCIAL
S
TRUCTURE
.............................................................................................21
5-T
HE
P
OLITICAL
M
AKE UP
............................................................................................26
6-T
HE
R
USSIAN
A
DVANCE
..............................................................................................29
7-T
HE
N
ATIVE
R
EACTION
: E
MERGENCE OF THE
‘M
URIDIZM
’.........................................33
8-R
E
-
EMERGENCE OF THE
M
URIDIZM
.............................................................................38
9-T
OWARDS THE
S
OVEREIGN
S
TATE
: T
HE
N
ORTH
C
AUCASIAN
I
MAMATE
......................41
CHAPTER II: RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONS AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE
NORTH CAUCASIAN MOUNTAIN REPUBLIC...................................................59
1-F
ROM
R
EVOLUTION TO
R
EVOLUTION
: F
EBRUARY
-D
ECEMBER
1917 ...........................59
A-The First Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus.....................................64
B-The Second Congress.............................................................................................70
C-Cossacks and the Mountaineers ............................................................................72
2-F
ROM
C
ENTRAL
C
OMMITTEE TO
P
ROVISIONAL
G
OVERNMENT
: N
OVEMBER
1917-M
ARCH
1918 ............................................................................................................................74
A- The Bolsheviks ......................................................................................................77
B-Volunteer Army (Dobrovol’cheskaia Armiia)........................................................81
C-Turkish Policy towards the Caucasus....................................................................83
3- I
NDEPENDENCE
: A
PRIL
1918- N
OVEMBER
1918 .........................................................87
A-The Conference of Trabzon....................................................................................87
B-Bicherakhov and the British Forces.......................................................................95
4- T
HE
E
ND OF THE
N
ORTH
C
AUCASIAN
R
EPUBLIC
: D
ECEMBER
1918- M
AY
1919.......104
CHAPTER III: THE FOUNDATION OF THE SOVIET UNION AND THE
ACTIVITIES IN EXILE ...........................................................................................114
1- T
HE
E
STABLISHMENT OF
S
OVIET
P
OWER
..................................................................114
2- P
OLITICS IN
E
XILE
....................................................................................................120
A- The Union of Caucasian Mountaineers ..............................................................125
B- The Caucasian Independence Committee in Turkey ...........................................128
C- Prométhée and the Amalgamation of Exiles.......................................................131
D- The Free Caucasian Mountaineers People Party...............................................133
3- C
REATING A
N
ATION
?...............................................................................................136
4- C
OMMON
L
ANGUAGE
...............................................................................................141
5- C
AUCASIANS IN
G
ENERAL
: C
AUCASIAN
I
NDEPENDENCE
C
OMMITTEE
………… …151
6- C
AUCASIAN
C
ONFEDERATION
P
ACT AND THE
O
PPOSITION
.......................................156