multikulturalizmis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi
15
ciokulturuli garemo, romelSic xdeboda adamianis pirvela-
di socializacia, waruSlel kvals tovebda maszed da, Sesabami-
sad, misi `meobis~ (Self) formirebaSi gadamwyvet rols TamaSob-
da. amitomac, adamianis samoqalaqo Rirsebac misi kulturuli
`meobisgan~ warmodgeboda, rac, Tavis mxriv, kulturuli mra-
valferovnebis sajaro-politikur aRiarebas da dacvas moiTx-
ovda. `komunitarebis~ azriT, tradiciuli liberaluri eri-sa-
xelmwifo sazogadoebis gaerTgvarovnebis politikur proeqts
axorcielebda da mobilobis mxolod erT, vertikalur gzas
gvTavazobda, maSin roca, Tanamedrove sazogadoeba kulturu-
lad mravalferovani gaxldaT da mobilobis ganviTarebas ukve
horizontalur sibrtyezec moiTxovda, romelic ufro mraval-
ganzomilebiani unda yofiliyo.
5
tradiciuli eri-saxelmwifosTvis xom samoqalaqo aqtivo-
bas mxolod adamianis individualuri moRvaweoba da pasuxis-
mgebloba warmoadgenda. arada, moqalaqis pasuxismgeblobas da
identobas ara mxolod misi politikuri loialoba gansazR-
vravda, aramed misi kulturuli identobac. amitomac, `komuni-
tarebis~ azriT, dasavlur sazogadoebebs uari unda eTqvaT
tradiciul modernul, mkacrad individualistur racionaliz-
mze da gadarTuliyvnen poliTeis kulturuli mravalferovne-
bis uzrunvelyofaze. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, `komunitarebis~
mixedviT, tradiciuli modernis proeqti, romelic politiku-
ri da kulturuli loialobis urTierTdamTxvevas normatiu-
lad moiTxovda, sinamdvileSi ver pasuxobda arsebuli viTare-
bis moTxovnebs da yavli qonda ukve gasuli. Sesabamisad amisa,
sademarkacio xazi unda gagvevlo Tanamedrove politikur da
kulturul loialobas Soris. moqalaqeni sajaro-politikur
sivrceze sakuTari kulturuli identobiT unda warmdgariy-
vnen, romelic xSirad gansxvavdeboda maTi politikuri loia-
lobisgan. `komunitarebis~ mixedviT, sakiTxisadmi amgvari mid-
goma araTu raime tradiciidan gadaxvevas moaswavebda, aramed,
5
mocemuli diskursi kontinentur evropaSi da, gansakuTrebiT, sa-
frangeTSi `post-modernizmiT~, `post-struqturalizmiT~, `soci-
aluri dekonstruqciiT~ da kidev sxva mravali `post~ mimarTulebe-
biT gamoixata iseTi moazrovneebis mier, rogorebic arian: miSel fu-
ko, Jak derida, Jan bodriari da kidev sxva mravali.
zviad abaSiZe
16
piriqiT, liberaluri samarTlianobis suliskveTebis Semdgomi
ganviTarebiT iyo nakarnaxevi.
6
`komunitarebs~ mravali kritikosi gamouCndaT maSinve,
Tumca maTma ideebma realur praqtikaSi garkveuli ganxorcie-
leba mainc moaxerxes da mxardamWeric mravali poves rogorc
akademiur, ise social-politikur wreebSi.
7
2. multikulturalizmi konkretul praqtikaSi
multikulturalizmi, rogorc praqtikuli politikuri
proeqti, warmoiSva 70-iani wlebis Semdeg, rodesac dasavluri
samyaro moicva masobrivma emigraciam. Sesabamisad, dasavlurma
qveynebma nel-nela uari Tqves modernis mier gansazRvrul asi-
milaciasa da erTgvarovani eTnokulturuli sazogadoebis
qmnadobaze da yuradReba ufro integraciaze gaamaxviles. sa-
zogadoeba ukve ganixileboda ara rogorc erTgvarovani kul-
turuli warmonaqmni, aramed sxvadasxva eTnokulturuli da re-
ligiuri erTobebis Tanasworuflebian gaerTianebad. mocemuli
procesi didwilad 60-iani wlebis samoqalaqo uflebebis moZra-
obis warmatebebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. CrdiloeT amerikis Sem-
TxvevaSi e.w. `afirmatiuli qmedebis~ (Affirmative Action) Sedegad
mravali ram gakeTda sazogadoebis rasobrivi da sxva tipis jgu-
fobrivi segregaciis aRmosafxvrelad rogorc ganaTlebis, ise
socialuri uzrunvelyofis, jandacvis da sxva mravali kuTx-
iT.
8
amave dros, sazogadoebis msgavsma pluralistulma xedvam
xeli Seuwyo ufro tolerantuli garemos Camoyalibebas da so-
cialuri gariyulobis aRmofxvras, rac, Tavis mxriv, demokra-
tiis ganviTarebasac uwyobda xels.
9
6
Carlz teilori. `liberalebis da komunitarebis debatebi~, Tanamed-
rove politikuri filosofiis anTologia, Tbilisi, 1996. gv. 635-672.
7
ianoS kiSi. Sesavali, Tanamedrove politikuri filosofiis anTolo-
gia, Tbilisi 1996. gv. 6-67, Amartya Sen, The Idea of Justice , Penguin Books,
2010 pp. 31-124.
8
Marcel Coenders and Peer Scheepers /The Effect of Education on Nationalism and
Ethnic Exclusionism: An International Comparison / Political Psychology, Vol. 24,
No. 2, Special Issue: National Identity in Europe (Jun., 2003), pp. 313-343.
9
,
/
-
.
2001
.42-43.
multikulturalizmis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi
17
kanaduri modeli. kanada pirveli qveyana gaxda 1971 wels, premi-
er-ministr pier triudos dros, rodesac multikulturalizmi
oficialur ideologiad da saxelmwifo politikad gadaiqca. saa-
misod kanadas mravali winapiroba qonda. aSS-isgan gansxvavebiT,
kanada arasdros ar aRiqvamda Tavs homogenur erad da imis gamo,
rom is yovelTvis ganicdida eTnolingvistur diferenciacias
(anglofonebisa da frankofonebis arseboba), misTvis ucxo iyo
`sadnobi qvabis~ tradicia da, rac mTavaria, kanada ukve didi xnis
Seguebuli iyo eTnofederalizmis models da tradiciebs.
kanadis amgvari realoba didwilad ganapiroba eTnodemog-
rafiuli suraTis cvlilebam (rogorc dasavluri samyaros sxva
qveynebSi). adgilobrivma mosaxleobam iwyo kleba da mosaxleo-
bis raodenoba ZiriTadad emigrantebis xarje izrdeboda. kana-
daSi samudamo sacxovreblad yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 260
aTasi adamiani miemgzavreba (28 milioni mosaxleobis pirobebSi).
kanadis mosaxleobis 16% kanadis gareT dabadebul moqalaqeebs
warmoadgenen. emigrantebis raodenoba gansakuTrebiT aziuri
qveynebis xarjze matulobs. imis gamo, rom kanada tradiciuli
tolerantobiT gamoirCeoda kulturuli mravalferovnebis mi-
marT, Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis eTnokulturuli identobac me-
tad fragmentirebuli iyo. amave dros, kanada ucxoelTaTavis
moqalaqeobis miniWebis procedurebis simartiviTac gamoirCeva
aSS-s da dasavleTi evropis qveynebisgan. kanadis moqalaqed gax-
doma ar moiTxovs avtomaturad Zvel moqalaqeobaze uaris
Tqmas. oficialur dokumentaciebSi arsad araa dafiqsirebuli
moqalaqeobis miRebis TariRi, raTa ar moxdes `axali~ moqalaqis
`Zveli~ moqalaqisgan diskriminacia.
10
amis miuxedavad, kanadaSi idiliuri viTareba namdvilad ar
aris. multikulturalizmma sazogadoebis eTnokulturuli
diferenciacia kidev ufro gaaRrmava. es gansakuTrebiT kvebe-
kis frangulenovan provinciaSi gamomJRavnda. multikulturu-
li oficialuri politikis Sedegad, kvebekis xelmZRvanelobam
moiTxova yvela oficialuri dokumentaciis da saqmis warmoebis
frangulad Sesruleba kvebekis teritoriaze. samsaxurebSi Tu 50
10
Ibid:
.44-45.
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