muslimi mesxebis integracia
saqarTvelosa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
327
cxovroben, maTi integracia adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan dRem-
de problemas warmoadgens. es gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas dRes,
roca saqarTvelos aqvs valdebuleba evrosabWos winaSe.
2007
wels miRebulia kanoni deportirebuli mosaxleobis repatria-
ciis Sesaxeb, romelic 2012 wels Sevida ZalaSi.
sainteresoa kvleva integraciis procesis gansxvavebulo-
bisa, rogor mimdinareobs es procesi or
saxelmwifoSi;
ra
msgavseba da gansxvaveba SeiZleba iyos saqarTvelosa da amerika-
Si.
saqarTvelo maTi samSobloa, xolo amerika — maTi maspinZe-
li; ra uwyobs da uSlis xels integraciis process da rogor ai-
saxeba es maT yoveldRiur cxovrebaze, wes-Cveulebebze.
Teoriuli mimoxilva
milton gordonis (Milton Gordon's Assimilation Model
5
) asimila-
ciis modeli
ganixilavs sazogadoebis axal garemoSi asimila-
cias (sakuTariviT SeTviseba an mierTeba). sociologiaSi es ter-
mini gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac warsulisa Tu identobis Tval-
sazrisiT sruliad Seusabamo jgufebi an individebi iqcevian
erTgvarovan, erTi identobis matarebel jgufad.
6
Sevecade am
klasifikaciis
mixedviT
gameanalizebina
mahmadiani
mesxebis
axal garemoSi cxovrebis procesi. milton gordoni
7
gamoyofs
asimilaciis 7 fazas: 1) qceviTi asimilacia (akulturacia); 2)
kulturuli asimilacia; 3) identifikaciuri asimilacia; 4) oja-
xuri — saqorwino asimilacia; 5) atitudebis (damokidebulebe-
bis) aRqmiTi asimilacia; 6) qceviT-aRqmiTi asimilacia; 7) samoqa-
laqo (sazogadoebrivi) asimilacia.
qceviTi asimilacia, anu akulturacia, moicavs 4 safexurs:
1) integracia — kulturuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba saku-
Tari interesebidan gamomdinare; 2) ganviTareba — daintereseba
— CarTva mxolod kulturuli pirovnulobis SenarCunebiT; 3)
5
Gordon, M. M. (1964). Assimilation in American Life. The Role of Race, Religion,
and National Origins. New York: Oxford University Press
6
javaxiSvili, j. sarjvelaZe , n. (2007) erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobe-
bis marTva [meToduri saxelmZRvanelo], adamianis resursebis ganvi-
Tarebis fondi. Tbilisi.
7
Gordon, M. M. (1964). Assimilation in American life. The Role of Race, Religion,
and National Origins. New York: Oxford University Pres
ekaterine fircxalava
328
separacia — gamoyofa erovnuli da kulturuli TviTmyofado-
biT — identurobiT daintereseba; 4) marginalizacia — socialu-
ri izolireba — naklebi interesi garemos mimarT kulturuli
TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis gamo. amis magaliTad SeiZleba
amiSebi
8
CaiTvalos, romelTa mezobladac muslimi mesxebi cxov-
roben lankasterSi.
am sakiTxis kvleva Zalian rTuli iyo. kvlevis procesSi ga-
movyavi is sakiTxebi, romlebic qceviT asimilacias — akultura-
cias SeiZleba axasiaTebdes. monacemebi miRebulia dakvirvebisa
da siRrmiseuli interviuebis safuZvelze.
mahmadiani mesxebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia cxovreba ara nuk-
learul, aramed gafarToebul ojaxad, roca sxvadasxva Taoba
cxovrobs erTad. ojaxSi funqciebi ganawilebulia parsonsis
funqcionaluri midgomis mixedviT
9
(Parsons, T., & Bales, R. F. (1955)
— qalur da mamakacur funqciebad.
ase rom, tradiciul mahma-
dian mesxur
ojaxSi instrumentul funqcias asrulebs mamaka-
ci, xolo qals evaleba ojaxis movla da Svilebis aRzrda.
muslimi mesxebis ojaxebis Seqmna mSoblebis aqtiuri monawi-
leobiT xdeba, dedamTili mTavari figuraa
Svilebis meore na-
xevris SerCevisas. am faqts mahmadiani mesxebi
kanonzomierad
miiCneven da Tvlian, rom mniSvnelovania tradiciebis Sesabami-
sad mSoblebis am procesSi Careva.
mahmadiani mesxisTvis oja-
xis Seqmnisas Zalian mniSvnelovani faqtori aris is, rom ojaxi
man mxolod mahmadian mesxTan
unda Seqmnas, sxva tipis ojaxebs
isini ar miesalmebian.
ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT zogadi damokidebuleba, ro-
gorc kvlevebma
10
aCvena,
genderulad segregirebulia, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, saqarTveloSi ukve 30 wlis cxovrebis miuxedavad,
8
amiSebi — sakmaod mcirericxovani religiuri seqta. amiSebi warmoad-
gendnen
menonitebis
religiuri sazogadoebrivi jgufis erT-erT
ganStoebas, romlis mimdevrebic gamoirCevian uCveulo CacmulobiT,
martivi cxovrebis wesiT da yovelgvari teqnologiis mimarT
uaryofiTi damokidebulebiT.
9
Parsons, T., & Bales, R. F. (1955). Family, Socialization and Interaction Process.
Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
10
Trier, T. & Khanzhin, A. (2007). The Meskhetian Turks at Crossroads - Integration,
Repatriation or Resettlement - ICMI Caucasus.
muslimi mesxebis integracia
saqarTvelosa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
329
muslimi mesxi kacebi Tvlian, rom qalis ganaTleba araa mniSvne-
lovani, maTTvis 4 klasic
ki sakmarisia: —
„icodes angariSi da
wera-kiTxva, meti ra saWiroa
“ — 57 wlis mahmadiani mesxi mamakaci
saqarTveloSi.
ena — mahmadiani mesxebis sayofacxovrebo ena aris Turquli,
isini laparakoben Turquli enis anatoliur dialeqtze, ro-
melsac `mesxurad~ moixsenieben. gasaxlebamde sabWoTa xeli-
suflebam gasabWoebis Semdeg, maTTvis, rogorc araqarTulad
molaparake adamianebisTvis, gaxsna azerbaijanuli skolebi da,
Sesabamisad, mxolod nawilisTvis iyo xelmisawvdomi qarTuli,
im nawilisTvis, romlebic qarTulad molaparake
soflebTan
iyofdnen skolas.
maTi gadasaxlebis Semdeg yvela maTganma,
vinc saSualo da Semdeg umaRlesi ganaTleba miiRo (sabWoTa pe-
riodSi ganaTleba yvelasTvis aucilebeli iyo), SeiTvisa is ena,
romel sabWoTa respublikaSic mouwia cxovreba: uzbekuri, yir-
gizuli, yazaxuri da rusuli, rogorc internacionaluri ena.
qarTuli pasiurad darCa, mxolod deportirebulTa pirveli
TaobisTvis iyo nacnobi da axlobeli. sxva Taobebi deportacia-
Si, komunikaciis procesSi Turqulis anatoliur dialeqts iye-
nebdnen,
rogorc
saSinao
enas,
rogorc
isini
Tvlian
„samSoblodan wamoRebuli mesxuri“, romelsac SenarCuneba
sWirdeboda.
11
deportaciaSi
mahmadian
mesxebs
1944
wlidan
1980-ian wlebamde mouwiaT cxovreba. zogierTi dResac cxov-
robs sxva qveyanaSi.
samSobloSi dabruneba bevr problemasTan
iyo da aris dakavSirebuli.
maTTvis Turquli iqca mSobliur
enad da amitomac amboben, rom maTi samSoblo saqarTveloa, mag-
ram mSobliuri ena
„mesxuri“ Turquli.
deportirebulTa Soris aris e.w.
„qarTuli“ orientaciis (i-
sini, vinc sakuTar Tavs ZirZvel qarTvelad Tvlian) da „Turqu-
li“ orientaciis (isini, vinc Tavs didi Turqi xalxis STamomav-
lad Tvlian) mosaxleoba. rogorc kvlevam aCvena,
identifika-
ciis da samSoblos Sesaxeb dasmulma kiTxvebma gansxvavebuli
Sedegebi mogvca am or qveyanaSi.
11
Trier, T. & Khanzhin, A. (2007). The Meskhetian Turks at Crossroads – Integration,
Repatriation or Resettlement - ICMI Caucasus.
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