Ministry of education and science of ukraine
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- UDC 373.3.032-026.15 (045) L. Korolyova
- UDC 378.147 L. Kuzmina
- Analysis of research and publications
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LITERATURE
UDC 373.3.032-026.15 (045) L. Korolyova, Post-Graduate Student of Preschool and Primary Education Department CE "ZRIPPE", Zaporizhzhya THE PROBLEM OF CREATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF JUNIOR STUDENTS Problem setting. During the scientific and technical process humanity faced the world’s demands requiring the individual to have appropriate knowledge, competences and skills to act in unexpected situations and quickly manage changing conditions, to create something new, and the most important is to act on the basis of creativity. Analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature of the 50’s-80’s of the 20th century shows that in the Soviet times education was mostly concerned with training the individual to perform a social role, forming a pedantic performer, an object convenient and easy to manage. But today education has been gradually transformed into individual-centered space. It is directed at the active personality that independently analyzes the situation, chooses his own goals and reaches them himself. Thus, the society faces a number of new tasks: to develop a personality able to live a full life, to operate in the environment effectively, to fulfill his self-realization in a dynamic, versatile and unstable world successfully, that is a personality able to think creatively. The aim of the article is to highlight the problem of creativity of junior pupils in modern educational conditions. Creativity is an activity embodied in the products of creative activity. It is a natural property of an individual which exists from the beginning of human life. It is the highest form of activity of an individual. Due to creativity a person expresses and changes himself and his inner world. He creates not only the outside world, but also his own world. According to V. Druzhinin creativity is a property that is updated only when it is allowed by the environment. Formation of creativity depends on certain conditions, including the fact that there is not a sample of regulated behavior, no positive samples of creative behavior, and no conditions for inheriting of creative behavior, no social support of creative behavior [3, p. 12]. Taking into account these conclusions, N. Hazratova investigated the impact of the deliberately created environmental options on the participants’ level of creativity. Creative values of products of activity and motivational basis of creative behavior have been evaluated. Among four-year old children creativity has raised according to both parameters, among three-year old – according to motivational and personal index, among five-year old – according to productive index. It has been proved that the formation of creativity in ontogenesis first arises on the motivational and personal level, and then on the productive (behavioral) level. It has been found out that the situation of testing and behavioral methods actualize and diagnose different aspects of general creative ability of the individual. In the situation of testing "intelligent" factors (speed, mobility, flexibility of thinking) and "creative" factors (originality and uniqueness) diverge, but in a game they are combined [9, p. 98]. The problem of assessment of the development of preschool children by the teachers of preschool institutions remains an important issue in the creative development of junior students and in providing a succession of this process between preschool and first grade students. We agree that the most important factor of a child's development is his level of acquirement of various kinds of children's activities. On the one hand, it is a source and a driving force of the development of a preschool child, but on the other hand, it is a demonstrative field of his achievements. The level of the development of any kind of children’s activity is evaluated by two important characteristics. The first is the level of a child’s mastering of the activity as a means of transferring his vision of reality and of his attitude to it. The second characteristic is the level of mastering of operational and technical aspects of the activity that is acquiring necessary skills. These peculiarities of activity are gaining great importance for further creative development of a child and they are found in all its forms. The most significant of these forms is a game. In pedagogics and psychology different types of games have been analyzed: manipulative, stage director, plot and role-playing, game with rules, didactic etc. The central role among them belongs to the plot and role-playing game that integrates the most important aspects of a child’s development. Besides, productive activities such as art, design and applique work are gaining great importance for creative development of a child. Children’s achievements can be identified not only through analysis of the development of their various activities. We can find the peculiarities of the development that will show the most essential aspect. We agree with O. Dyachenko who states that on the one hand, these characteristics must fully meet the specific features of preschool age, and on the other hand, they have to maintain their importance for child’s development in general. The researcher chose the development of a motor aspect of a child as one of the main characteristics. This characteristic can be divided into two parts, one of which is the acquirement of motor skills. We agree that this level of mastering is extremely significant to assess not only general development of a child but also his creativity. Low physical activity and lack of motor coordination may evidence of a serious problem in psychophysiological development. Acquiring certain actions, movements (small and large) and correspondence of the motor skills to age norms are the necessary characteristics of a child’s development. O. Dyachenko emphasizes that there is an expressive side of the motor aspect that expresses emotional states of a child, his feelings about different events. The most peculiar child’s inner states (tranquility, sadness, depression, joy, etc.) and the ability to respond to the environment adequately (or inadequately) are reflected in facial expressions, posture, gestures. Understanding of the "language of movementsˮ enables us to penetrate into emotional sphere of a child. However, mental development is of great importance for the creative development of a child. It may be the most significant, informative and complex factor. In a broad sense mental development is defined as development of basic cognitive processes: perception, memory, thinking, imagination and attention, both from their operational and substantive side [4, p. 34-38]. A. Poddyakov investigates creative thinking of preschool children and expresses the same opinion. He determines the structure of a human creative direction, which consists of several components: need-motivational, formation of goals, emotional regulation, a system of cognitive techniques used by a person (concepts, images, research strategies, etc.), the results of cognitive activity, creative and active attitude of a child to the world, based on his motive to discover new modes of action and activities; and ability to creative thinking [6, p. 86]. Having examined creative talent of preschool children A. Matyushkin defined creativity as the basis of a talent. In his opinion, from the very birth every child has creative potential that is developed in the process of his growing up. Gifted children have high creative potential and its important characteristic is strongly marked cognitive needs. The characteristic features of giftedness include: creativity, perseverance, avoidance of patterns. The scientist has proved that the process of development of a gifted personality is more intensive and personal and individual characteristics of a gifted child are expressed more clearly and are manifested earlier than other children’s characteristics. These features include a "psycho-social sensibility" (keen sense of justice, dynamic moral development, high emotional sensitivity, responsibility) [5, p. 98]. The results of E. Alfeyeva’s studies carried out under the leadership of Matyushkina have shown that mental growth of a personality contributes to the talent development. According to the scientists, the most effective programs of creative development are those based on the process of development of a child’s personality. This approach was borrowed from humanistic psychology [5, p. 109-126]. So, Rogers believed that it is necessary to create conditions for the detection of internal human abilities. Children with a high level of creativity have the most important personal characteristics almost formed by the age of seven: positive attitude towards themselves and the world and personal reflection. Children with average and low levels of creativity have average and low levels of development of their personal qualities [7, p. 144]. We agree with the opinion of Alexander Dyachenko, who proved that due to the inclusive images junior students relate the perceived reality not to holistic visual imagery, but to one of its components. Image construction has not a holistic but an atomistic nature. Using images of inclusion, children solve the problems differentially and individually. O. Dyachenko revealed the following features of creativity: children from 5 to 7 years old build a new image based on a certain element of reality and this element becomes a central part of a new image. At the age of 7 the level of productive imagination is reduced, this is connected with the fact that children are focused on learning the rules, regulations and patterns of activity. Children aged 7-8 begin to use a new type of image construction: elements of reality are sidelined in a new image; this provides original and efficient solutions [4, p. 8]. According to O. Dyachenko social development of a child is characterized according to the level of assimilation of various norms and rules by the personality (norms and rules which exist in human culture, regulations on how to use various objects of human culture, etc.). The criterion of assimilation of these rules and regulations is a child's own behavioral regulation (listening to an interlocutor, giving way to an adult, etc.). In order to accumulate and analyze information on a child’s development O. Dyachenko offered to introduce child’s development records, filled by the teacher, educator, psychologist, parents. Other researchers believe that development of a child which greatly helps to form the child’s ability to be creative can be evolved and diagnosed by introducing specific technologies of the system-thinking development of junior students and preschool children. The researchers have come to a conclusion that best of all the system-thinking of junior students is developed under such training conditions, when there are elements of the so-called collective-separated activity of a teacher and a student. In these conditions the child understands the subject content of the training material better [4, p. 33-35]. In the cultural and historical theory L.Vygotsky considered the problem of lower natural mental functions mediation as specific "psychological tools" – artificial marks obtained by the person in the process of social interaction. The subject which is the product of human activity is an "encoded", "rolled" mental imprint of not only the person, but also of the entire culture. The child "decodes", "unrolls" this mental imprint due to his own activity. This is called decoding. The human mind itself is formed this way. Educational activities promote this activity of a child. During the training process a child appropriates objects of culture as specific modes of behavior. Due to this fact his development of higher mental functions is mediated by the peculiarities of culture. Each person is unique by his nature and psychological characteristics. Through the process of interiorization "constituent structures are formed in the consciousness, forming around so-called cross-functional psychological systems and drastically affecting the further behavior of a subject" [1, p. 352]. This is a personal mediation of learning activities and a phenomenon of a “double mediation” of the mental development. Now mental development is mediated through external cultural and internal (personal) characteristics of a child’s psyche. This process is a basis and precondition for a self-development. Mediation is a personal specific human activity. It comprises all mental properties and features of a person. L. Vygotsky studied the phenomenon of mediation as an act of creation and application of certain means by a personality in order to transform his own psychological capabilities or other people’s abilities. Every person has a special, unique inner world. Personality is characterized by his ability to express the world, to show his creative nature, creative potential. However, educational and training goals and objectives do not always motivate creativity and creative potential of children [1, p. 308]. We agree with M. Gnatko who considers peculiarities of "actual creative genesis" (ACG). The results showed that ACG has three main stages: preschool (3-7 years old), school (7-17 years old) and post school age (17-20 years old or over). At the last stage the process of actual creativity, consisting of two previous periods, is over. The first two stages have three different phases [2, p. 14-16]. Preschool stage of ACG is characterized by the following phases: 1) "sensibilizational" phase (3-5 years old). During this phase children tend to show their potential creativity, to have more contacts with various qualities of the world: shapes, sizes, shades of colors, etc. (increased positive sensibility of the potential creativity to these qualities); 2) "saturational" phase (5-6 years old) – is marked with saturation by products of active cognitive interaction with the universe. There is a visible decline of appropriate aspiration and activities, related to it; 3) "orientational" phase (6-7 years old). The child looks for attractive marks of any available activity – reading, walking, etc. in the form of appropriate chains of simple actions. School stage of ACG includes the following phases: 1) "imitative" (7-12 years old). Potential creativity of imitative actions is predominant. The child's activity gradually shifts from copying to imitating and reincarnational – creative way; 2) "identificational" (12-15 years old). Strongly marked identificational relations with a personality of the object of identification. An outstanding personality in a particular social sphere can become this object; 3) "individual" (15-17 years old). The child’s activity gradually frees from the established identificational relations with a selected identificational object. Obtaining the creative independent status is under the process. M. Gnatko also defines creativity as an activity by which a person creates new, socially significant material and spiritual values, shows the potential (innate, "pre-social") and actual ("acquired while interacting," "socialized") creativity. Creative talent is a system of appropriate traits (potential creativity) or appropriate abilities (actual creativity). An important task of creative pedagogics is identification and theoretical and empirical foundation of psychological characteristics, consistent patterns, structure of the transformational process of the potential creativity into the actual creativity [2, p. 5-16]. However, it should be taken into consideration that creativity of a child has its own peculiarities and difficulties. First, as it has been noted by S. Sysoeva a person's ability to work is not characterized just by one specific capability (cases of brilliant talents such as music, art, etc. are excluded). This integrative quality of a personality reflects his special internal structure, orientation, certain mental processes, characteristic qualities, skills. Innate and acquired qualities have dialectical unity and close connection. As a rule, researchers of creativity define the concept “creative abilities” as a combination of qualities and personal traits that characterize the level of its compliance with certain types of educational and creative activities and determine the level of effectiveness (performance) of such activities. The main feature of the creative personality is his creative qualities, his individual psychological characteristics that meet the requirements of creativity and are prerequisite for its successful implementation. The problem of holistic pedagogical impact which would ensure the integration of psycho-educational learning conditions with the inner "creativeˮ structure of personality is extremely difficult for implementation in the system of mass education [8, p. 85].
1. Выготский Л. С. Психология творчества 5-е изд. испр. / Л.С. Выготский. – М. : Лабиринт, 1999. – 352 с. 2. Гнатко М. М. Психологічна діагностика обдарованості / М. М. Гнатко // Методичні рекомендації. – Л. : ВВ МАНУ, 1997. – 72 с. 3. Дружинін В. В. Вікові аспекти динаміки розвитку креативності / В. В. Дружинін // Матеріали Міжнарод. наук.-практ. конф. “Perspektywiczne opracowania nauki i techniki – 2007”. – Перемишль, 2007. – 16 с. 4. Дьяченко О. М. Возможности оценки развития детей старшего дошкольного возраста педагогами дошкольных образовательных учереждений / О. М. Дьяченко // Психологическая наука и образование. – 2004. – № 2. – 39 с. 5. Матюшкин А. М. Загадки одарённости: Проблемы практической диагностики / А. М. Матюшкин. – М. : Школа – Пресс , 1993. – 127 с. 6. Поддьяков А.М. Развитие исследовательской инициативы в детском возрасте: дисс. … докт. пед. наук: 13.00.07. – М., 2001. – 350 с. 7. Роджерс К. Взгляд на психотерапию. Становление человека / К. Роджерс. – М. : Просвещение, 1994. – 144 с. 8. Сисоєва С. О. Творчий розвиток особистості: сутність, специфіка / С. О. Сисоєва // Творчість у контексті розвитку людини / Матер. міжнар. наук. конф. – Ч. 2. – К., 2003. – 88 с. 9. Хазратова Н. В. Проблема измерения креативности детей 3-5 летнего возраста / Н. В. Хазратова // Индивидуальность и способности. – 1994. – № 2. – С. 93–114. UDC 378.147 L. Kuzmina, (Kharkov national university of radioelectronics)
Quite often the personality oriented learning is understood as an innovation associated primarily with changes in attitudes towards student, collaboration with him. But these changes only affect the scope of teacher and student interaction, and almost not reflected in other parts of the educational process. According to researchers, personality oriented learning is innovation, if it goes beyond existing standards, changing the system or its major components, offers concrete, practical methodology for obtaining good results [3, p.67. Thus, learning is personality oriented if the conception of organization the educational-cognitive activities is reinterpreted and new goals and means of implementation are determined. Personality-oriented language learning of students at technical universities based on the idea of realization the basic statements is set by E. Bondarevskaya, O. Gazman, Z. Kalmykova, V. Serykov, A. Furman, I. Yakymanskaya: • organization of modular training as technological process, where the stages of students and teachers collaboration are realized: goal-setting, planning, goals implementation, evaluation and analysis of activity; • creating a positive aim and stable internal motivation in learning activities on the each stage of modular-developmental process; • designing varied curriculum that enables students to select form and methods of obtaining knowledge; • implementation of necessary and interconnected components of the students’ personal development process – individualization and socialization. Personality oriented the Ukrainian language learning at technical universities requires consideration of students’ subjective experience, including individual characteristics such as different levels of linguistic culture, rich vocabulary; peculiarities of memory, attention, individual rate of mastering the linguistic material, the level of audition skills and transforming texts into tables, charts, and vice versa, splitting the text into semantic parts, etc.; degree of students’ interest in improving their own language culture. Taking this into consideration the teacher’s primary task is to draft each lesson in such way, that differentiated material was presented in terms of complexity, method, forms of understanding. Modular technology researchers are unanimous that is fundamentally different from other training systems. According to scientists, designing the educational process on the modular basis can effectively solve the problem of level differentiation studies, to accomplish the students’ individual choice of one or another variant of educational activity [5, p. 192, 7, p. 10]. Flexibility as one of the principles of modular technology education permeates its main components. Semantic flexibility enables to differ and integrate the learning content [5, p. 195; 6, p. 10]. Technological flexibility provides the procedural aspect of modular training, including the variability of measures, forms, types of control. According to this principle, we have created a three-level program that provides mastering of study materials by each student in the area of his close development on the basis of his subjective experience characteristics. This three-level program has a number of advantages, namely: it allows each student to organize his own learning in such a way, that he can make the most of his abilities, knowledge and skills, it allows teachers to work effectively with different groups of students, provides students with the opportunity to choose the method of learning activities (written or oral task, individual performance, pair or group activities, free-standing or with the help of abutment schemes; presentation in the form of notes, diagrams, thesis, tables or other ways of recording the studied material) allows to organize the differential individual work of students. We have distinguished three levels of students’ mental activity during the exercises: 1. Reproductive level. An indication of this level is the student's ability to apply knowledge in specific environments and typical situations of professional communication. Mentally-verbal actions follow the detailed recommendations of algorithmic type and are aimed at recognizing and reproduction of language and speech phenomena. 2. Reconstructive level. This basic level provides the ability to use language skills in new environment of communication. It aims to perform tasks that require complex analytical activities – planning, analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization. 3. The creative level. This is the higher level of learning, which resulted in the students’ ability to use language in new and unusual situations of professional communication. The formation of basic intellectual skills – to compose algorithms, denotative schemes of dictums, analyze and synthesize linguistic phenomena – is an important task in preparing future professional and linguistic identity development. Therefore, developing the system of exercises and tasks for each practical lesson, we were guided by the principles of teaching and research activities unity, the speech and thought unity, problematic and so on. Performing analytical, analytical-synthetic, semi-research exercises is an important preparatory stage for more sophisticated students’ speech activity. A. Matyushkin understands thinking as a person's ability to find solutions to new problems that had not occurred earlier [2, p. 230]. Thus, psychological, pedagogical research has shown that the necessity of thinking occurs when a person enters into a new situation and can not perform his or her knowledge in the old ways. The realization of this task is possible under the terms of regular introduction of interactive methods. The scientists’ and practitioners’ interest in interactive learning is caused by several factors. Firstly, it’s the necessity of practical solutions of the students motivating problem. It can be achieved not only by certain didactic methods, but using effective forms of teachers and students communication, creating a comfortable learning atmosphere, respect for the individual student. Secondly, this is the orientation on the development of modern education of student's personality, his cognitive and creative possibilities, experience of self-employment. Thirdly, it is the requirements of communicative and cognitive competence-active approaches to teaching the Ukrainian speech. The complete realization of students’ group learning is possible under the following conditions: common goal, individual responsibility and equal opportunity of success, the interdependence of the group members, common students’ educational of cognitive and creative activities in the group, the contribution of each student into learning tasks solving, the total valuation of teamwork, which includes method and results of evaluation. Preparing students for group work consists of two phases: 1. Familiarizing students with the topic of studies, tasks and technology of its implementation. 2. Homework preparatory tasks: one should find an information and perform common exercises, connecting with the topic, the study of recommended literature. During the study of the topic “The presentation as a genre of professional oral speech" students of railway specialization train perform the report on indicators of transit transferring in 2012 in groups with the computer presentations. We offer such differentiated tasks: data analysis, creation of tables and charts, writing written report; selection of oral speech means; creating computer presentations; preparing oral presentation. It is important to teach students to organize their learning activities themselves. To do this, they are given the opportunity to choose a role and determine the function of each team member. We offer a list of roles that students will perform during group problem solving: organizer (observes the activity of each group representative), censor (controls culture and correctness of speech), editor (is responsible for the work outcome), the leader (prepares a report on the performed work, estimates each contribution in solving each task). Thus, interactive teaching methods of professional speech (work in small groups, discussions, business games, etc.) have become a priority in higher education, because they contribute to the formation of students’ cognitive activity, can realize their natural desire for communication, cooperation and mutual assistance. Interactive learning transforms students into active subjects of knowledge, which is the main purpose of personally oriented classes. One of the primary tasks of the teacher-philologist must be control on the motives of mastering of language skills. We have distinguished three ways of creating and maintaining a positive motivation: 1. Content – determines the selection of educational material that stimulates the students’ desire to learn something new, the desire to show their creativity. This primarily provides for the study of language in a textual basis, which corresponds with students’ interests, is relevant for problem solving and has cultural cognitive character. 2. Communication – provides such study character, that helps to humanize relations of participants in learning activities, the aspiration for creative cooperation, enthusiasm in common activity. It is possible by creating a business atmosphere and environment of speech on the basis of group work introduction and so on. 3. Procedural displays the methods and techniques that create conditions for the detection of independent thinking and aspirations of unusual ways of solving verbal tasks. Obligatory condition of personality-oriented learning is the introduction of stimulating and motivating methods, which is implemented through the following stages: formulation of the problem tasks that are needed to be solved during the class; communication situations modeling with a discussion of speech defects, errors demonstration of professional or scientific speech, MEDIA language, advertising; demonstrating the advantages of student or specialist with the high culture of speech: a durable learning of new material on his profession, self-confidence during the tests and exams, technique mastering in scientific papers preparation, prospects in carrier development, credibility in dealings, ownership of the art of persuasion and influence, etc.; reviewing the prospects of studying the subject for future professional activities, reference to the authority of famous people, scholars in certain industries that possess good communication; creating the interest and novelty of situations (application of intrigue, interesting stories, related to the theme of class, prompting conflicting arguments). 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