Adjoining
is a variety of syntactical connection when the dependence of one
word upon head word is expressed not morphologically but semantically
(my
room-my rooms, a small room-small rooms; читатьлёжа, тихосидеть,
чересчургромкий, сапогивсмятку, скромноулыбающаяся; хушбўй гул, биринчи
босқич, терилган пахта, тахта кўприк, қайси юрт)
. Adjoining in all three
compared languages are divided into three types:
Attributive phrases (object and its feature, they can be expressed by
different parts of speech:
to be happy, to seem delighted, to stay calm,
любящийсын, третьегочисла, горькийвкус, тоза сув, ўнта пиёла, келган
меҳмон).
Objective phrases (action, feature and the object, in the relation of
carrying out the action or feature:
to live a miserable life, to smile a happy smile, to
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die a violent death, слушатьмузыку, встречатьсясдрузьями, похожийнадеда,
достойныйнаграды, мактабдаўқимоқ, уйга бормоқ, боғ орқали кетмоқ).
Adverbial phrases(the way of the action / feature,its measure of the
degree, time, place, reason:
to drive slowly, to arrive in time, to travel north,
работается по вечерам, дышать легко, купить втридорога, нарядный по
праздникам, тез юрмоқ, берилиб тингламоқ
).
The
types of syntactic connection
coincide in English and Native language
phrases. All languages have combinations of a noun with its attribute, a verb with
an object, an adverb with the headword expressed by a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb. At the same time, there are some differences in the structure of
attributive phrases.
In Russianand Uzbek, the adjunct of the attributive phrase (adjective phrase)
is frequently expressed by an adjective. In the same cases, many English phrases
are made up of two nouns.
One of the reasons for that is the fact that there are fewer relative adjectives
in English. Therefore, when the kernel and the adjunct denote two connected
objects (e.g. the thing and the material it is made from; the factory and the product
made by it, etc.) the English-speaking person uses a noun as an attribute.
E.g.
silver spoon - серебряная ложка – кумуш қошиқ
sugarindustry - сахарная промышленность – шакар саноати
Sometimes it is difficult to determine whether the adjunct in such phrases is
a noun or an adjective. Lack of grammatical markers of the parts of speech makes
English similar to the isolating languages. Sometimes it is difficult to say whether
such combinations are phrases or compound words.
e.g. schoolboy, school-teacher, school building
In these cases, English has some features of incorporating languages, which
don’t have a borderline between the word and the phrase.
Some types of phrases cannot be found only in one of the languages.
In English and Uzbek, the adjunct of an attributive phrase can be expressed
by a passive infinitive.
E.g.
a letter to be sent, юбориладиган хат.
This type of phrase in non-existent in Russian. The idea is rendered by a
subordinate clause.
E.g.
письмо, которое нужно отослать
In Russian, the adjunct of an attributive phrase can be expressed by an
adverb.
E.g.
взгляд исподлобья; шапка набекрень
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This type of phrase in non-existent in English. The idea is rendered by
lexical semantics.
E.g.
a scowl at somebody, with one’s hat on one side
b) The English and the Russianand the Uzbek languages differ significantly
in
the means of expressing syntactical connections
in a phrase. In Russian and
Uzbek all the three ways of connection are used. In English, the use of government
and agreement is restricted to the phrases with pronouns.
E.g.
to see him; these books
In most cases, the elements of the phrase are combined by adjoining.
In English attributive phrases denoting objects in numerical order, the
adjunct expressed by a cardinal numeral is in postposition to the kernel expressed
by a noun.
e.g.
Room 15
In the corresponding Russian and Uzbek phrases, the adjunct expressed by
an ordinal numeral is in preposition to the headword.
e.g.
пятнадцатая комната, ўн бешинчи хона.
General differences of word-combinations of three compared languages can
be seen in these clusters below:
In English:
Dostları ilə paylaş: |