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Lexical typology of borrowings
Borrowed words are the words adopted from other languages. Borrowing is
a consequence of cultural contact between two language communities. Borrowing
of words can go in both directions between the two languages in contact, but often
there is an asymmetry, such that more words go from one side to the other.
According to the nature of borrowings, they can be classified in all languages into:
A loan word taken over from another proper language can be modified
in phonetic shape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the
language. Example:
English
Russian
Uzbek: club, pop, abest-seller, show, CD-Rom.
Russian
Uzbek: журнал, театр, роман, армия, сюжет, автобус.
A translation loans are the words and expressions formed I one
language after the patterns characteristic of it but under the influence of some
foreign words and expressions. For example:
Latin: “tinge maternal”
mother tongue;
English: “Periodical journals”
периодическиежурналы;
Russian: “Дом престарелых”
қариялар уйиandetc.
Semantic borrowings are the appearance of a new meaning due to the
influence of a related word in another language. For instance:
English: mother
Mutter (German)
Madre (Spanish).
Russian:
noktь(night)
(protoSlavic)
ночь(Russian)
ніч(Ukrainian)
ноч(Belarusian)
noc (Polish)
noc (Czech)
noc (Slovak)
noč (Slovene)
ноћ/ noć(Serbo-Croatian)
нощ (
nosht
) (Bulgarian).
Uzbek: бош (Uzbek)
бас (Kazakh, Kharakhalpak)
баш(Kirgiz,
Turkmen), тоғ(Uzbek)
тоо(Kirgiz)
тав, тау(Kazakh, Kharakhalpak)
дағ(Turkmen, Azerbaijan).
During XV centuries of its written history, the English language comes in
long and close contacts with several other languages, mainly, Latin, French and
Norman (Scandinavian). The great influence of borrowings in English is explained
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