Ministry of higher and secondary

CONCLUSION

Until the present day, English continues to borrow from Latin when the coinage of a new term is needed, after having enriched the language throughout the different periods of its history. Thus, we can affirm that the Latin influence on English has been pervasive.
The Modern English period can be divided in two subperiods: the Early Modern English period and the Late Modern English period. In the former one the adoption of large numbers of borrowings led to one of the greatest debates concerned with the expansion of the English language: the inkhorn controversy. In spite of the attempts of purists and archaisers to stop the process of borrowing, a great number of borrowings continued to be introduced until the drop of the eighteenth century. During the Early ModE period, also known as the Renaissance, the borrowings introduced from the classical languages belonged to the learned type, this meaning that they helped to develop the formal registers of the language. In the Late ModE period the Latin borrowings introduced were mainly associated with specialised fields. The development of sciences led to the adoption of Latin elements, either by means of borrowing or neoclassical compounding, as scientists were not interested in the purification of the language that characterised the eighteenth century.
Linguistic borrowing differs from other methods of language expansion in the sense that it involves taking linguistic material from external sources instead of illustrating language internal processes.
Two main reasons for borrowing have traditionally been identified in the literature: need and prestige. On the one hand, need has been a cause for borrowing in those cases when a new object or concept appeared for the first time in the world of a linguistic community. Since that concept was not known for the speakers of that community, they would simply introduce in their own language the term used to name it in a donor language. Other borrowings, however, are due to prestige: the prestigious situation of a donor language can also lead to borrowing
of a term which already has a native counterpart, thus leading to the coexistence, at least at first, of two stylistically different words expressing the same concept. Therefore, borrowing may occur either because a word designates a concept that is genuinely new for the community of speakers of a language, or because of the desire of turning the borrowing language into a prestigious one, while its speakers pretend to have a good command on a foreign prestigious language.
However, evaluating whether borrowings are necessary or unnecessary is not the object of this study, since it would also be required to analyse to what extent the so-called “necessary borrowings” could have not been supplied through different word creation strategies in the borrowing language.
Borrowing usually arises in situations of contact between the speakers of different languages, but for extensive borrowing to occur, those languages should be mutually intelligible at least in part, so as to avoid confusion.
Lexical borrowing is a strategy of vocabulary expansion that can be justified by means of need and borrowing, through which words belonging to a foreign language are introduced into another, enriching this latter one. A single typology of lexical borrowing has not been fixed, but instead we can find a rich and varied terminology so as to refer to the different borrowing techniques.
Most of the languages we find in the world, if not all, borrow or have borrowed lexical and semantic items from another language, at least at a particular stage of their history. As a consequence of that borrowing, languages have enriched their vocabulary by other means different from those native processes through which languages evolve through time. Latin influence over the English language has shown to be pervasive throughout the different periods of its history. Since Latin and English are both of Indo-European origin, thus belonging to the same language family, they share a common heritage that can be perceived in those words reflecting the common ideas in the speakers’ minds of both languages. However, they developed differently into two distinguished language groups: Italic, in the case of Latin, and Germanic, in the case of English.